Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Third Year > devbio- fertilization > Flashcards

devbio- fertilization Flashcards

1
Q

is the initial event in development
in sexual reproduction.
–Union of male and female gametes
– usually takes place in the uterine tub

A

Fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fertilization usually takes place in the

A

uterine tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the purpose of fertilization?

A

– Perpetuates the species (reproduction)
– Confer sex to the organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of fertilization

A

–Transmit genes from parent to offspring
* Provides for recombination of paternal and
maternal genes.
* Restores the diploid number
–Activates the egg to begin development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

is a very important protein found in sperm. It is the major building block of microtubules, which are tiny hollow tubes that make up the cytoskeleton of many cells. The cytoskeleton provides structure and support to the cell, and it also plays a role in cell division and movement.

A

tubulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

is the microscopic core structure that forms the backbone of both cilia and flagella. These are tiny hair-like structures found on many cells, helping organisms and single-celled creatures move or move fluids around them.

A

axoneme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Characteristics of Kartagener’s syndrome

A

Bronchiectasis
Chronic Sinusitis
Situs Inversus Totalis
-infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Have a 50 percent chance of
having the heart on the right side
of the body (immotile cilia in the
center of the embryo)

A

Kartagener Triad (Situs Inversus Totalis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sea Urchin and Human Sperms parts

A

Acrosome: hydrolytic enzymes
Cell body
Neck: ATP/Mitochondria
Tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

yolk (made in other organs;
mostly liver

A

Nutritive proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

burst of protein synthesis after fertilization

A

Ribosomes and tRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

encodes proteins for use in the early stages
of development

A

mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Generally, main events occur

A

1) Contact and recognition between sperm
and egg.
2) Regulation of sperm entry into the egg
3) Fusion of the genetic material of the sperm
and egg.
4) Activation of egg metabolism to start
development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • direct the differentiation of cells into certain types
  • transcription factors, paracrine factors
  • localized regionally; segregated into different cells during cleavage
A

Morphogenic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the protective chemicals

A
  • UV filters
  • DNA repair enzymes
  • antibodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

an extracellular matrix that forms a “fibrous” mat around the egg. It is used typically in sperm-egg recognition

A

Vitelline envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

seen in some species, residues outside the vitelline envelope, but when present it serves to attract and activate (capacitate) sperm

A

egg jelly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Structure of the Gametes: Egg

A
  1. Nutritive proteins
  2. Ribosomes and tRNA
  3. mRNA
  4. Morphogenic factors
  5. Protective chemicals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Recognition of egg and sperm

A
  1. The chemoattraction of the sperm to the egg by soluble molecules secreted by the egg.
  2. The exocytosis of the acrosomal vesicle to release its enzymes.
  3. The binding of the sperm to the extracellular envelope (vitelline layer or zona pellucida) of the egg.
  4. The passage of the sperm through the extracellular envelope.
  5. Fusion of egg and sperm cell membranes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

sperm are attracted towards eggs of their species; following a gradient of chemical secreted by the egg

A

Chemotaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

regulates taxis (movement) and timing of sperm (Miller, 1978)

  • prior to 2nd meiotic division = no
    chemotaxis
  • after 2nd meiotic division =
    chemotaxis
A

Orthopyxis caliculata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

oocytes control the type of sperm they attracted; the time at which they attract them. T/F

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The ability to move does not provide the sperm with directions

—direction is guided by egg-derived
peptides called

A

sperm-activating peptides
(SAPs)

24
Q

14aa peptide isolated from egg jelly
of Arbacia punctulata
- it is also a sperm activating agent
- sperm in sea water swim in circles

A

Resact

25
Q

a peptide specific for Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

A

Speract

26
Q

resact=

A

respiration activating

27
Q

In marine invertebrates AR has two
components:

A
  1. Fusion of the acrosomal vesicle with the sperm cell membrane
  2. Extension of the acrosomal process/acrosomal filament
28
Q

Activation is calcium mediated initiated by
_________________________ from the egg jelly

A

sulfated polysaccharides (fucose sulfate)

29
Q

In Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, the acrosome reaction is
initiated by the repeating polymer of ___________

A

fucose sulfate

30
Q

provides the first species
specific recognition event

A

Sperm’s contact with an egg’s jelly coat

31
Q

is an adhesive protein that binds sperm to the egg surface. Without this, fertilization does not occur

A

Bindin

32
Q

a gamete recognition protein involved in speciation

-Specific binding proteins that mediate attachment between sperm and egg vitelline membrane

A

Sea urchin bindin

33
Q

Thus, species-specific recognition of sea urchin gametes occurs at the levels of ?

A

sperm attraction, sperm activation, and sperm adhesion to the egg surface

34
Q

immediate and
causes the egg membrane resting potential to
rise

A

Fast block to polyspermy

35
Q

only membranes with_____________
resting potential can fuse with sperm

A

-70 mV

36
Q
  • slower and caused by the exocytosis of the
    cortical granules
  • becomes active about a minute after the first
    successful fusion
A

Slow block to polyspermy or cortical
granule reaction

37
Q

During fertilization, cortical granules (15,000) release the following substances:

A

-Protease
-Mucopolysaccharides
-Peroxidase enzymes
-Hyaline

38
Q

disconnect vitelline membrane from egg surface; cuts bindin receptors and any sperm attached to them

A

Protease

39
Q

hydrate space by expanding vitelline envelope

A

Mucopolysaccharide

40
Q

hardens fertilization envelope

A

Peroxidase enzymes

41
Q

forms a coating around the egg; supports
blastomeres at cleavage

A

Hyaline

42
Q

The two blocks to polyspermy were discovered in the early 1900s by the African-American embryologist?

A

Ernest Everett Just

43
Q

responsible for the cortical granule reaction; release activates a whole series of metabolic reactions that initiates embryonic development

A

Calcium

44
Q

In mammals, fertilization happens inside the?

A

oviducts of the female

45
Q

Getting the gametes into the oviduct

A

Translocation and capacitation

46
Q

The translocation of the sperm from the vagina to the oviduct involves several processes that work at different times and places

A
  1. Sperm Motility
  2. Uterine Muscle Contractions
  3. Sperm rheotaxis
47
Q

form of taxis seen in many aquatic organisms like fish, whereby they will (generally) turn to face into an oncoming current

A

Sperm rheotaxis

48
Q

are critical in getting sperm to oviduct

A

Uterine muscle contractions

49
Q

It is important once sperm arrives within the
oviduct

A

Flagellar motility

50
Q

Is collectively the process of sperm undergoing various physiological changes after being ejaculated from the testicles

  • Occurs in the female reproductive tract via
    uterine muscle contraction
  • Set of physiological changes by which the
    sperm becomes competent to fertilize the egg
A

Sperm Capacitation

51
Q

Molecular events of capacitation

A
  1. Lipid changes
  2. Protein changes
52
Q

Sperm cell membrane is altered by
the removal of cholesterol

  • albumins in female reproductive tract remove cholesterol
A

Lipid changes

53
Q

Proteins and carbohydrates on
surface are lost during capacitation

  • may block recognition sites for zona-binding proteins
  • unmasking may be an effect of cholesterol depletion
A

Protein changes

54
Q

sperm of certain mammals become
hyperactivated as they pass from

A

the uterus to the oviduct

55
Q

along with __________________ on the outside of the sperm
cell membrane, enable sperm to digest a path through the extracelluar matrix of
the cumulus cells

A

hyaluronidase enzyme

56
Q

sperm may be able to sense thermal gradient of 2°C between the

A

isthmus of the oviduct and the warmer ampullary region

57
Q

In the vicinity of the Oocyte

A

Hyperactivation
Thermotaxis
Chemotaxis

Third Year (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions