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Anatomy Final > Develop. > Flashcards

Develop. Flashcards

1
Q

During sperm migration, the membrane of the head of the sperm becomes more fragile.

A

Capacitation

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2
Q

Approximately 6 days after ejaculation, sperm

A

no longer viable

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3
Q

Describe the acrosomal reaction

A

The release of acrosomal enzymes on the surface of the egg

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4
Q

A common adage is that it “only takes one sperm” to fertilize an egg. As an anatomy student, describe your response.

A

While only one sperm head enters the egg, thousands are needed to break through the egg’s defenses

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5
Q

The acrosomal enzyme called —– digests the hyaluronic acid that binds together the granulosa cell surrounding an egg.

A

hyaluronidase

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6
Q

The fertlization of an egg with more than one sperm is known as —– and may result in hree or more set of chromosomes.

A

polyspermy

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7
Q

Mechanisms called fast and slow —– are used by an egg to prevent polyspermy

A

block

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8
Q

Describe when meiosis II completes in an egg.

A

After fertlization occurs

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9
Q

The—–are the organelles that contain genetic information, one from the sperm and one from the egg. These are present following fertliization but before mixing of sperm and egg chromosomes.

A

pronuclei

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10
Q

A single-celled, fertilized egg is known as a

A

zygote

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11
Q

All products of conception, ranging from a fertilized egg to the full-term fetus, with its embryonic membranes and placenta, is known as the

A

conceptus

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12
Q

A pregnancy is divided into trimesters, which means

A

the pregnancy is divided into three 12-week periods

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13
Q

The period from fertilization through the 12th week is known as the

A

first trimester

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14
Q

Summarize the events of the second trimester

A

organs complete most development

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15
Q

In the —– trimester, the fetus grows rapidly and achieves enough differentiation to support life outside the womb

A

third

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16
Q

The normal gestation period for a single (non-twin) baby is —– weeks

A

40 weeks

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17
Q

List the correct order of gestational stages.

A

Preembryonic, embryonic, fetal

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18
Q

The prenatal stage that occurs between fertilization and implantation is called the —- stage

A

preembryonic

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19
Q

Indicate the three major processes that occur during the preembryonic stage of gestation.

A

Embryogenesis, cleavage, implantation

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20
Q

Name the term for cell division that occurs in the earliest stages of zygote development.

A

Cleavage

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21
Q

Daughter cells formed by cell division following fertilization are called —–

A

blastomeres.

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22
Q

16 or more blasto….

A

morula

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23
Q

Describe a morula

A

Stage of conceptus development when it is a spherical structure with 16 or more cells.

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24
Q

Define implantation

A

attachment of blastocyst to lining of uterus

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25
Q

After the second month of pregnancy, estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the

A

chorion

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26
Q

The stage of —– is complete when the blastomeres form three primary germ latyers

A

embryogenesis

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27
Q

The endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm are the three:

A

primary germ layers

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28
Q

Describe the amniotic cavity

A

The space between the embryoblast and trophoblast

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29
Q

Describe the embryonic disc

A

flattened embryoblast; composed initially of of two layers: the epiblast facing the amniotic cavity and the hypoblast facing away.

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30
Q

Name the embryonic structure that serves as the first blood-producing structure.

A

Yolk sac

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31
Q

Describe the primitive streak that forms within a developing embryo.

A

Thickened layer of cells that form along the midline

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32
Q

Describe the location of the primitive groove

A

Along the midline of the primitive streak

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33
Q

The process in which cells migrate to form the three primary germ layers is called

A

embryogenesis

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34
Q

The —– is the germ layer that will form, among other structures, the inner layer of the digestive tract.

A

endoderm

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35
Q

The implanting of the blastocyst somewhere other than the uterus is known as a(n) —— pregnancy

A

ectopic

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36
Q

The countercurrent heat exchanger that prevents arterial blood from overheating the testes is

A

the pampiniform plexus of veins

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37
Q

Why would an enlarged prostate gland interfere with urination?

A

it compresses the urethra

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38
Q

—— stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete ——

A

LH; testoterone

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39
Q

The acrosome contains enzymes used to

A

penetrate barriers surrounding the ovum

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40
Q

—— have 46 chromosomes, whereas —— have 23.

A

Primary spermatocytes; spermatids

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41
Q

Dilation of the —— causes the lacunae to fill with blood and the penis to become erect

A

deep arteries

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42
Q

T or F: The mechanism that keeps the testes cooler than the body’s core temperature is called descent of the testes

A

F

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43
Q

T or F: Sperm travels along the ductus deferens before reaching the spermatic cord

A

F

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44
Q

T or F: Testosterone stimulates development of the secondary sex characteristics, spermatogenesis, and libido.

A

T

45
Q

Which of the following are primary sex organs?

A

Ovariers

46
Q

T or F: The uterus is a thick muscular chamber inferior to the urinary bladder.

A

F

47
Q

The proliferative phase of the uterus is driven by estrogen from the ovaries

A

T

48
Q

The nonpregnant uterine wall contains mostly of ——, which is composed of ——- .

A

myometrium; bundles of smooth muscle

49
Q

——- are feminizing hormones.

A

estrogens

50
Q

The ovulated egg is at

A

metaphase II

51
Q

The ovum finalizes meiosis

A

during fertilizaiton

52
Q

After expelling the oocyte, the follicle becomes the —– and secretes ——.

A

corpus luteum; estrogen and progesterone.

53
Q

Oogenesis starts

A

during embryonic development

54
Q

During the follicular phase, granulosa cells secrete —–, which stimulates secretion of —–

A

estradiol; LH

55
Q

During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle,

A

several follicles are developing antrums

56
Q

The basis of pregnancy test kits is the presence of ——, which is secreted by the ——-.

A

HCG; blastocyst and placenta

57
Q

The developing individual is called a(n) —— during most of the first two weeks, a(n) —– from 3 through 8 weeks, and a(n) —– from the beginning of week 9 until birth

A

blastocyst; embryo; fetus

58
Q

Why is breast milk superior to cow’s milk for an infant?

A

Cow’s milk has too much protein and minerals in it.

59
Q

T or F: Sperm must travel to the distal end of the uterine tube to encounter the egg before it dies.

A

T

60
Q

The optimal “window of opportunity” to conceive a child is

A

a few days before ovulation to less than a day after

61
Q

Twins produced when a single egg is fertilized are called —- twins, and twins produced from two eggs ovulated at the same time are called —— twins.

A

monozygotic; dizygotic

62
Q

Primary germ layers are formed

A

gastrulation

63
Q

Mesenchyme gives rise to

A

muscles, bone, and blood

64
Q

In fetal circulation, blood bypasses the lungs by flowing through

A

the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus

65
Q

Oxygenated blood reaches the fetus through the

A

Umbilical vein

66
Q

Infant respiratory distress syndrome is caused by

A

deficiency of pulmonary surfactant

67
Q

The nondisjunction is the production of a gamete receiving

A

22 chromosomes

68
Q

What is the function of semen

a. transportation medium
b. provides nutrients
c. protects against the hostile environment of the male urethra
d. protection of the hostile environment in the female vagina
e. all of the above

A

E. All of the above

69
Q

What is the function of FSH in the uterine cycle?

a. stimulates follicle growth and estrogen production
b. stimulates the ruptured follicle to produce estrogens and progesterone
c. lack of it results in the shedding of the uterine lining
d. secretion of it in the corpus luteum results in the completion of the uterine lining
e. none of the ab

A

A. stimulates follicle growth and estrogen production

70
Q

What is a principal event of oogenesis?

a. meiosis 1 begins during fetal development
b. when primary oocytes begin meiosis I, a secondary oocyte is formed
c. nuclei of sperm and egg unite and form a diploid zygote
d. secondary oocyte begins Meiosis II
e. all of the above

A

E. All of the above

71
Q

What is the function of the ductus (vas) deferens?

a. reabsorbs degenerated sperm
b. conveys sperm during sexual arousal toward the urethra
c. carries blood vessels and nerves
d. eject sperm and seminal vesicle secretions
e. all of the above

A

B. Conveys sperm during sexual arousal toward the urethra

72
Q

The broad ligament attaches the uterus to the

a. pelvic cavity
b. sacrum
c. cervix
d. stomach
e. none of the above

A

A. Pelvic Cavity

73
Q

What is the function of the scrotum in protecting the testes from temperature fluctuations?

a. divides the testes into separate compartments
b. is located outside of the body cavity
c. cremaster and dartos muscles contract and relax to move testes closer and further away from the body
d. b, c
e. none of the above

A

D. B and C

74
Q

What is a structure of the spermatic cord?

a. ductus (vas) deferens
b. veins/lymphatic vessels
c. autonomic nerves
d. cremaster muscle
e. all of the above

A

E. All of the above

75
Q 
he ductus deferens develops from the\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the embryo.
A. mesonephric duct
B. paramesonephric duct
C. phallus
D. labioscrotal folds
E. urogenital folds
A

Mesonephric duct

76
Q 
Prior to ejaculation, sperm are stored primarily in
A. the seminiferous tubules
B. the rete testis
C. the epididymis
D. the seminal vesicles
E. the ejaculatory ducts
A

Epididymis

77
Q 
The first hormone secreted at the onset of puberty is
A. follicle-stimulating hormone
B. interstital cell-stimulating hormone
C. human chorionic gonadotropin
D. gonadotropin-releasing hormone
E. testosterone
A

GnRH

78
Q 
Blood is forced out of the penile lacunae by contraction of the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ muscles.
A. bulbospongiosus
B. ischiocavernous
C. cremaster
D. trabecular
E. dartos
A

Trabecular

79
Q

Spermatozoa obtain energy for locomotion from ——- in the semen

A

Fructose

80
Q

Erection of the penis occurs when nitric oxide causes the________ arteries to dilate.

A

Deep

81
Q 
Of the following organs, the one(s) most comparable to the penis in structure is (are)
A. clitoris
B. the vagina
C. the vestibular bulbs
D. the labia minora
E. the prepuce
A

Clitoris

82
Q 
The hormone that most directly influences the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle is
A. HCG
B. FSH
C. LH
D. estrogen
E. progesterone
A

Progesterone

83
Q 
Before secreting milk, the mammary glands secrete
A. prolactin
B. colostrum
C. lochia
D. meconium
E. chloasma
A

Colostrum

84
Q

A girl’s first menstrual period is called___________

A

Menarche

85
Q

Menopause occurs during a midlife perod of changing hormone secretion called___________

A

Climacteric

86
Q 
When a conceptus arrives in the uretus, it is at what stage of development
A. zygote
B. morula
C. blastomere
D. blastocyst
E. embryo
A

Morula

87
Q 
Photoaging is a major factor in the senescence of
A. the integumentary system
B. the eyes
C. the nervous system
D. the skeletal system
E. the cardiovascular system
A

Integumentary System

88
Q

Which of these is not a common effect of senescence?
A. reduced synthesis of vitamine D
B. atrophy of the kidneys
C. atrophy of the cerebral gyri
D. increased herniation of the intervertebral discs
E. reduced pulmonary vital capacity

A

Increased herniation of the intervertebral discs

89
Q 
For the first 8 weeks of gestation, a conceptus is nourished mainly by
A. the placenta
B. amniotic fluid
C. colostrum
D. decidual cells
E. yolk cytoplasm
A

decidual cells

90
Q

The maximum age attainable by a member of the human species is called___________

A

life span

91
Q

The average age attained by humans in given population is called the__________

A

life expectancy

92
Q

An enlarged tongue, epicanthal folds of the eyes, and mental retardation are characteristic of a genetic anomaly called______________

A

down syndrome

93
Q

True or False

Freshly ejaculated sperm are more capable of fertilizing an egg than are sperm several hours old.

A

False

94
Q

True or False

An egg is usually fertilized by the first sperm that contracts it.

A

False

95
Q

True or False

It is well established that people who exercise regularly live longer than those who do not.

A

False

96
Q

List the external male genitalia:

A

Penis, Scrotum

97
Q

List the internal male genitalia:

A

Testes, epididymides, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands

98
Q

List the external female genitalia:

A 
mons pubis
labia majora
labia minora
clitoris
vaginal orifice
vestibular bulbs
vestibular glands
paraurethral glands
99
Q

List the internal female genitalia:

A

ovaries
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina

100
Q

Define gametes:

A

sex cells

101
Q

What are the types of gametes?

A

Sperm(spermatozoon)

egg (ovum)

102
Q

Another name for primary sex organs

A

gonads

103
Q

What are the primary sex organs of the male & the female

A

testes & ovaries

104
Q

What are secondary sex organs?

A

organs other than the gonads

105
Q

What is the male sexual response?

A

excitment
orgasm-emission stage
orgasm-expulsion stage
resoultion

106
Q

Most common solid tumor in men 15 to 34 years old & especially in white men of middle to upper economic classes

A

testicular cancer

107
Q

Define erectile dysfunction:

A

inability to maintain an erection

108
Q

Define secondary sex characteristics:

A

features that further distinguish the sexes and play a role in mate attraction.

Anatomy Final (2 decks)

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