development and human welfare

Question 1

Affluence

Answer 1

The general level of prosperity enjoyed by a country

Question 2

Deprivation

Answer 2

Where standards of living and quality of life falls below a minimum level.

Question 3

4 factors contributing to human development

Answer 3

• access to food
• access to education
• access to shelter
• opportunity to participate in community life and culture

Question 4

Quality of Life

Answer 4

The degree of well being and satisfaction felt by a person or community.

Question 5

Development gap

Answer 5

Difference between levels of development/standard of living between countries and/or regions.

Question 6

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Answer 6

• GDP is the total value of goods and services produced by a country annually.
• GDP (per capita) = GDP/ population of a country.

Question 7

Gini Coefficient

Answer 7

• a number which measures levels of inequality between 0 and 1.
• 0 = total equality
• 1 = total inequality

Question 8

Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)

Answer 8

• Approximate measure of levels of corruption in the public sector, ranging from 1 to 100.
• Lower the score, the more corruption.

Question 9

Human Development Index (HDI)

Answer 9

• Composite indicator of development, constituting of 3 equally weighted factors:

1) - LONGEVITY, HEALTH, which is done by using life expectancy at birth for example.
2) - KNOWLEDGE AND LEVEL OF SKILL, which is done by using adult literacy rate and school enrollment rate for example.
3) - STANDARD OF LIVING/ QUALITY OF LIFE, measure by GDP per capita for example.

Question 10

How to analyse HDI

Answer 10

-gives a figure between 0 and 1

1 = extremely high levels of development
0= no development at all

Question 11

causes of variation in global HDI

Answer 11

• CLIMATE- poor climate can make agriculture more difficult and result in water insecurity, poor food production rate, which in turn causes Malnutrition.
• WARM CLIMATE -this can make matters worse for many, increasing the likelihood of contracting deadly infections like malaria, as Mosquitoes are attracted to the warm climate.
• CIVIL WAR- conflicts means more money spent on weaponry than development improvements. Infrastructure is also damaged and sets development back further.
• NATURAL HAZARDS- frequent natural hazards causes damage to infrastructure and governments have to prioritize repairing damage over other methods of development.
• FEW RAW MATERIALS- sometimes countries have plenty of raw materials but not the infrastructure to exploit them, so they can only trade them as raw materials with a very small profit margin.

Question 12

Global Development Gap

Answer 12

• Wealthy Global North

- Poor Global South

Question 13

Economic Factors Causing Uneven Development

Answer 13

-POOR TRADE LINKS
(limits a country’s revenue, and therefore the amount of money available to invest in development.

• LOTS OF DEBT
• AN ECONOMY DOMINATED BY PRIMARY PRODUCTION
  (smallest profit margin, and sometimes the value of goods can become below that of extraction costs as global markets fluctuate)

Question 14

HISTORICAL reasons for uneven development

Answer 14

• Wars

- Colonisation

Question 15

HDI advantages.

Answer 15

• Very broad, bringing together previously single indicators.
• Encompasses a wide range of factors, including
  ECONOMIC, HEALTH, EDUCATION.
• Allows progress to be measured over time, can be calculated year after year, VERY IMPORTANT FOR COMPARISON PURPOSES.
• IGO’s, NGO’s and TNC’s can effectively prioritise their resource allocation of aid to countries that need it the most.

Question 16

HDI disadvantages.

Answer 16

• No mention of income distribution
• Each component of the measure is weighted equally, but actually some are more significant than others from country to country. Therefore resource allocation is not specific enough to the needs of the country, as the factors causing uneven development are different from country to country.
• crime not included, poverty levels not included, CORRUPTION NOT INCLUDED, these are separate measures not included and therefore without these taken into account, HDI is not always as accurate as it may seem.

Question 17

Causes of economic change in the UK

Answer 17

• GLOBALISATION. It’s easy for UK companies to move manufacturing overseas to make the most of lower labour costs.
• GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES.
• DE-INDUSTRIALISATION.

Question 18

North-South Divide in the UK

Answer 18

• HEALTH is better in the South than in the North. (life expectancy longer in the South)
• EDUCATION, children get better exam results in the South than in the North.
• WEALTH, people on average have higher wages in the South.

Question 19

CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBALISATION

Answer 19

• UK companies are moving manufacturing overseas.

- International trade is now more important for the UK.

Question 20

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Answer 20

A generalisation about the change in a population over time based on experiences of developed countries.

Question 21

Literacy Rate

Answer 21

The proportion of the population who can read and write.

Question 22

4 Strategies to improve development

Answer 22

• DEBT RELIEF, debt of a country is cancelled or interest
  rates are reduced, so more money can be spent on
  development.
• INTERNATIONAL AID, supplied in the form of money or
  resources ( e.g. food and water) from one country to
  another.
• FAIR TRADE, farmers in LIC’s get a fair trading price for
  their goods, so they have enough money to support
  their families.
• INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY, tools, machines,
  systems (e.g. solar powered LED light bulbs so children
  can work and study when its dark) which increase
  skills, incomes and industrial output of communities.