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MSK test one > Development of the peripheral nervous system > Flashcards

Development of the peripheral nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What composes the central nervous system?

A

The skull and spinal cord

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2
Q

what composes the peripheral nervous system?

A

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexus and sensory receptors

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3
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

It is a combination of sensory and motor neurons that have voluntary control over

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4
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

It is a combination of sensory and motor neurons that are involuntarily controlled, like breathing

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5
Q

What is the gray matter that is in the adult spinal cord?

A

The location of cell bodies in the neurons. divided into three sections, dorsal horn, lateral horn and anterior horn

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6
Q

What type of neurons are present in the posterior horn of the gray matter?

A

Sensory neurons

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7
Q

What type of neurons are present in the anterior horn of the gray matter?

A

motor neurons

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8
Q

What type of neurons are in the lateral horn?

A

The visceromotor neurons

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9
Q

What is the white matter in the spinal cord composed of?

A

The axons of neurons. These are usually mylenated so they will have a white appearance- divided into three sections- lateral funiculus, anterior funiculus and posterior funiculus

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10
Q

what type of neurons are present in the anterior funiculus?

A

Primarily motor neurons

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11
Q

What type of neurons are present in the posterior funiculus?

A

the sensory neurons

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12
Q

The neural tube divides into what two sections during the formation of the spinal cord?

A

The alar and basal plate

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13
Q

What composes the alar plate and what does it turn into?

A

the alar plate is composed of mostly afferent cells and it will become the anterior/ventral gray horn

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14
Q

What composes the basal plate and what does it turn into?

A

It is composed of efferent cells and it will become the dorsal/posterior ventral gray horn

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15
Q

What is the suclus limitans?

A

The groove that separates the alar and basal plates

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16
Q

What are the three zones of the spinal cord?

A

The ventricular, intermediate and marginal zones

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17
Q

what is the ventricular zones of the spinal cord?

A

The area closest to the central canal- composed neuroepithelial cells that will give rise to the neurons and macroganglia cells in the spinal cord. This is also where ependymoblast are

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18
Q

What is the marginal zone of the spinal cord?

A

The outer layer of the spinal cord and composed of neuroepithelial cells that will develop into the white matter of the spinal cord

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19
Q

What is in the intermediate area of the spinal cord?

A

The glioblast are in this zone and will eventually differentiate into the astrocytes and the oligodendrocytes- immature neurons are also here.

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20
Q

What is a ependymoblast cell?

A

The stem cells of the CNS- They are housed in the ventricular portion of the spinal cord

21
Q

what do ependymoblast cells differentiate into?

A

they will form ependyma cells which will create the epithelium of the choroid plexus, producing the cerebral spinal fluid

22
Q

Neuroepithelium develops from what kind of ectoderm?

A

Neuroectorderm

23
Q

What does the neuroepithelium differentiate into and what section of the spinal cord does it go to?

A

a polar neuroblast- intermediate zone then marginal zones where it will be mylenated
glioblast- remain in the intermediate zone(gray matter)
ependyma- will remain in the ventricular zone and produce CSF

24
Q

What do the neural crest cells give rise to in the nervous system?

A

to the spinal ganglia and sensory neurons in the periphery

25
Q

How do the cells of the spinal cord differentiate into sensory or motor neurons?

A

It depends on the concentrations of BMP and SHH they receive during differentiation.

26
Q

What do high levels of BMP activate?

A

They will active the genes for PAX3 and PAX7 which will tell cells to differentiate into sensory neurons and incorporate into the alar plate

27
Q

What do high levels of SHH activate?

A

They will activate NKX2.2 and NKX6.1 which will tell cells to differentiate into motor neurons and incorporate into the basal plate

28
Q

What structures produce BMP?

A

The surface ectoderm and roof plate of the neural tube

29
Q

What structures produce SHH?

A

The notocord and floor plate of the neural tube

30
Q

What is a special case of the differentiation of neural tube cells?

A

Just dorsal there are slightly lower levels of SHH and higher levels of BMP so NKX6.1 and PAX6 will be activated- these cells become ventral neuron cells

31
Q

What does the posterior/dorsal root derive from?

A

From neural crest cells

32
Q

what does the anterior/ventral root derive from?

A

From neuroectoderm cells

33
Q

the Dorsal ramus will go innervate what and this derives from what type of mesoderm?

A

It will innervate the instrinsic back muscles and viscera that comes from the epimere
epimere- myotome- paraxial mesoderm

34
Q

What does the anterior ramus innervate and what does this derive from>

A

It will innervate all other muscles and derives from hypomere
hypomere- myotome- paraxial mesoderm

35
Q

What is GSE?

A

A general somatic efferent neuron- will arise from the ventral root and will innervate somatic muscles

36
Q

what is GVE?

A

A general visceral efferent neuron that will innervate smooth/cardiac muscles- comes off the ventral root

37
Q

What is SVE?

A

A Special visceral efferent neuron that will innervate muscles from the pharynegeal arches.

38
Q

What are GSE, GVE and SVE derived from?

A

Neuroectoderm

39
Q

What is GSA?

A

General somatic afferent neurons that will provide sensory info from the skin, joints, tendons or muscles- It is part of the posterior rami- Mostly innervates ectoderm and mesoderm near the area

40
Q

What is GVA?

A

General visceral afferent neurons that will provide sensory info from the visceral structures- part of the posterior rami- Mostly innervates the endoderm and mesoderm near the site

41
Q

What are GSA and GVA derived from?

A

Neural crest cells

42
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system- used for the fight/flight response- located in t1-L2

43
Q

What part of the ANS is the neurocrest cells?

A

They compose the post ganglion response in the ANS

44
Q

What are of the ANS is the neuroectoderm cells?

A

They compose the pre ganglion response to the ANS

45
Q

Describe the pre and post ganglion portions of the sympathetic NS.

A

The preganglion synapse will be short and mylenated while the post ganglion synapse will be long and non-mylenated

46
Q

Describe the pre and post ganglion portions of the parasympathetic NS

A

The preganglion synapse is long and mylenated while the post ganglion synapse will be short and non-mylenated

47
Q

What is the parasympathetic NS?

A

It is the rest and digest system- CN 3, 7, 9 and 10 and the sacrum nerves- The ganglia are usually located in the wall of viscera or four cranial ganglia

48
Q

What mylenates neurons in the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes which are derived from glioblast cells

49
Q

What mylenates the neurons of the PNS?

A

Schwann cells which are derived from neurocrest cells

MSK test one (9 decks)

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