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BIOL1900 > DEVELOPMENTAL > Flashcards

DEVELOPMENTAL Flashcards

1
Q

Nature vs nurture issues in developmental psychology

A

Inborn knowledge vs blooming buzzing confusion

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2
Q

Development issues in developmental psychology

A

Continuous vs stage

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3
Q

Relative importance of early experiences issues in developmental psychology

A

Critical period vs sensitive period

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4
Q

View of child issues in developmental psychology

A

Active vs passive

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5
Q

Relative influence of culture issues in developmental psychology

A

Cultural universals vs cultural relativism

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6
Q

What is the nature view

A

Genetics, hereditary
Predisposition given at the point of conception
Unalterable

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7
Q

Nurture view ?

A

Tabula rasa “blank slate”
Environmental, experience
Contextual influences (parenting, family, school)

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8
Q

Continuous development?

A

Gradual and ongoing changes throughout the life span

Behaviour in the earlier years providing the basis of skills required for later

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9
Q

Stage development?

A

Distinct and separate stages

Different kinds of behaviour occurring in each stage

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10
Q

Who proposed the stages of cognitive development

A

Jean Piaget

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11
Q

Who proposed the stages of psychosocial development?

A

Erik Erikson

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12
Q

Critical period?

A

Normal language development only if exposed to language between 2 years and puberty
(Effects of early deprivation)

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13
Q

Sensitive period?

A

A time when language development occurs most easily
Second language learning
Immigrants to new linguistic environment must move before age 7 to have no accent

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14
Q

Characteristics of an active child

A

Intrinsically active
Innate curiosity
Seek stimulation

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15
Q

Characteristics of a passive child

A

Passively react
Blank slates
Passive recipients

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16
Q

Cultural universals

A 
Appearances 
Activities 
Social institutions 
Language 
Dancing 
Funeral rites
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17
Q

Cultural relativism

A 
Judging cultural practices 
Moral standards 
Slavery 
Eating habits 
Eye contact
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18
Q

Habituation and dishabituation (infants)

A

Decreased interest followed by recovery with new events
Violation of expectation paradigm
(Preferential sucking, looking, cross modal matching )

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19
Q

Attachment

A

Close emotional bond between infant and caregiver

Critical feature of personality and social development

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20
Q

Which theorist proposed cognitive theory

A

Piaget

21
Q

What was freud’s theory

A

Psychosexual development

22
Q

What was eriksons theory

A

Psychosocial development

23
Q

What was maslows theory

A

Humanistic development

24
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

Methods for dealing with anxiety (conflict between Id,ego and superego) a

25
Q

Regression

A

Reverting back to immature behaviour from an earlier stage of development

(An adult having a tantrum from not getting their way)

26
Q

Rationalisation

A

Creating false excuses for ones unacceptable feelings, thoughts, or behaviour

27
Q

What are the main 5 issues in developmental psychology

A 
Nature vs nurture 
Continuous vs stage 
Critical period vs sensitive period 
Active vs passive 
Cultural universals vs cultural relativism
28
Q

What are two important factors about psychosocial theory

Who theorised it

A

Erikson

The ego is a positive force in development

Importance of cultural and other social factors

29
Q

Who theorised the hierarchy of needs

How many levels?

A

Maslow

5 levels

30
Q

What are the 5 levels of the hierarchy of needs

Who theorised it

A 
Maslow 
Physiological 
Safety
Love/belonging
Esteem
Self-actualisation
31
Q

What is the first stage of maslows hierarchy of needs

What does it consist of?

A

Physiological

Breathing, food,water,sex,sleep,homeostasis,excretion

32
Q

Second stage of maslows hierarchy of needs?

A

Safety

Security of: body, employment, resources, morality, the family,health, property

33
Q

3rd level of maslows hierarchy of needs

A

Love/belonging

Friendship, family , sexual intimacy

34
Q

Fourth stage of maslows hierarchy

A

Esteem

Self esteem, confidence,achievement, respect of others , respect by others

35
Q

Fifth and final stage of maslows hierarchy

A

Self actualisation

Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving , lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts

36
Q

Piaget stages of moral development

A

Heteronomous morality age 4-8

Autonomous morality age 8 to adult

37
Q

Kohlberg moral development

What did he change from Piaget

A

Took piagets work further and made a 6 stage developmental progression

38
Q

What are the 3 levels to kohlbergs moral development

A

Pre conventional morality

Conventional morality

Post conventional mortality

39
Q

What are the stages of preconventional morality

A

Stage 1: avoidance of punishment

Stage 2: exchange of favours

Age range: preschool - elementary (some junior high and few high school)

40
Q

What are the stages of conventional morality

A

Stage 3: good child
Stage 4: law and order

Age range: few older elementary children, some junior high, many highschool (stage 4 doesn’t typically appear until highschool)

41
Q

What are the stages in postconventional morality

A

Stage 5: social contract
Stage 6: universal ethical principle

Age range: rarely seen before college (stage 6 is extremely rare)

42
Q

What is trust vs mistrust

What are the favourable and unfavourable outcomes

A

First stage of eriksons psychosocial development

Needs met by caretakers 
Focus on oral sensory activity 
Age 0-1
Favourable: develop sense of trust 
Unfavourable: feelings of mistrust
43
Q

What is autonomy vs shame and doubt

A

Age 1-3 years
Exploration and freedom encouraged
Within safe boundaries
Focus on muscular anal activity
Favourable outcomes: develop independence
Unfavourable outcomes: feelings of self doubt

44
Q

What is initiative vs guilt

A

Age 3-6
Testing limits of self assertion
Exploring and experimenting
Purposefully pursue and achieve tasks and goals
Favourable outcome: child treated respectfully
Unfavourable: parents over control

45
Q

What is industry vs inferiority

A

6-12 years
Focus on attaining competence in meeting challenges
Parents, peers, school
Develop capacity to cooperate and work with others
Favourable: mastery, proficiency
Unfavourable: failure, inadequacy

46
Q

What’s the difference between the timing and tempo of puberty

A

Timing of puberty: age at which puberty begins (usually occurs as early as 7 in girls and 9.5 in boys)

Tempo of puberty: the rate at which maturation occurs (completion takes 1.5-6 years in girls , 1-2 years in boys)

There is no relationship between timing and tempo

47
Q

What are the most important environmental influences in the timing and tempo of puberty

A

Nutrition and health

48
Q

The timing and tempo of puberty is..

A

Largely inherited

BIOL1900 (6 decks)

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