developmental test 2

Question 0

Myelinization

Answer 0

A process in neuronal development in which sheaths made of a substance called myelin gradually cover individual axons and electrically insulate them from one another to improve the conductivity of the nerve

Question 1

Synaptic pruning

Answer 1

Process by which unused or unnecessary neural pathways and connections are eliminated

Question 2

Object permanence

Answer 2

The understanding that objects continue to exist when they can’t be seen

Question 3

Temperament

Answer 3

Inborn predisposition, such as activity level, that form the foundations of personality

Question 4

Subjective self

Answer 4

An infants awareness that she or he is a separate person who endures through time and space and can act on the environment

Question 5

Habituation

Answer 5

A decline in attention that occurs because a stimulus has become familiar

Question 6

Schematic learning

Answer 6

Organization of experiences, called schemas, which enable infants to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar stimuli

Question 7

Holophrase

Answer 7

Combinations of gestures and single words that convey more meaning than just the word alone

Question 8

What are the types of reflexes

Answer 8

Adaptive reflexes, primitive reflexes, Moro or startle reflex, babinski reflex, rooting reflex

Question 9

what are three examples of how adaptive reflexes help humans to survive?

Answer 9

Protects against harmful stimuli
withdrawl from a painful stimulus
opening and closing of the pupil of the eye in response to variations in brightness

Question 10

Describe a new borns visual acuity

Answer 10

between 20/200 and 20/400, or 40 times worse then an adults. but rapidly improves during the first year as a result of synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning, and myelination un the neurons that serve the eyes’

Question 11

describe a new borns sense of taste

Answer 11

responds differently to all four of the basic flavours.
two senses are related (taste, smell)
registred in the mucous membrane og the nose and has nearly unlimited variations
detected by taste buds in the tounge
sweet, sour, salty, bitter

Question 12

describe a new borns sense of smell

Answer 12

as young as 1 week can differentiate between complex smells as personal body odors. discriminate their mothers smell from the smell of another woman

Question 13

describe a new borns sensitivity to temperature and physical touch

Answer 13

babies display sensitivity to temperature by increasing physical activity in a room
touch bu becoming calmer when stroked, crying in protest when pricked with a needle

Question 14

Expressive language

Answer 14

Typically appears at about 12 to 13 months, the ability to produce spoken language

Question 15

expressive style

Answer 15

for these childrean, most early words are linked to social relationships rather than objects. these toddlers often learn pronouns early and use many more “personal-social’ words like “no”,”yes”, “want” or “please”

Question 16

holophrases

Answer 16

phrases or sentences consisting od words and gestures. usually occurring between 12 and 18 months of age

Question 17

naming explosion

Answer 17

occurs between 16th and 24th month of life, in this period children seem to learn new words with very few repetitions, and they generalize these words to many more situations

Question 18

referential style

Answer 18

children whose style of early vocabulary is made up predominantly of nouns and pronouns

Question 19

describe eriksons trust versus mistrust stage of psychosocial development

Answer 19

during the first two years of life the infant learns to trust the world around him or becomes cynical about the social environments ability to meet his needs

Question 20

ambivalent attachment

Answer 20

infant shows little exploratory behaviour and infant is greatly upset when separated from the mother and not reassured by her return or efforts to comfort him

Question 21

avoidant attachment

Answer 21

infant avoids contact with the parent, and seems confused and apprehensive

Question 22

disorganized/disoriented attachment

Answer 22

infant seems confused and apprehensive. infants shows contradictory behaviour, such as moving toward the mother while looking away from her

Question 23

secure attachment

Answer 23

infant readily separates from the parent, and infant seek proximity to parent when stressed and uses the parent as a safe base for exploration

Question 24

what are temperamental patterns

Answer 24

easy child (40% of infants) difficult child (10% of infants) slow-to-warm up child (15% of infants)

Question 25

Secure attachment

Answer 25

a type of attachment characterized by mild distress at leave-takings and being readily soothed by reunion

Question 26

Inscure attachment

Answer 26

attachment behavior characterized by avoiding caregiver, excessive clinging, or inconsistency

Question 27

developmental attachment

Answer 27

the first two years of life constitue a sensitive period for attachment in human infants

Question 28

sychrony of behaviours

Answer 28

a mutual, interlocking pattern of attahcment behviours shared by a parent and a child

Question 29

Five behaviours of children rated as securely attached to mothers in infancy

Answer 29

more sociable
more positive in their behaviour towards friends and sibilings
less clining and dependenpt on teachers
less aggressive and disruptive
more empathetic

Question 30

fice behaviours of adolescents rated as securely attached to mothers in infancy

Answer 30

more socially skilled
have more intimate friendships
are more lilely to be rated as leaders
and have higher self -esteem
better grades

Question 31

examinations of the long-term consequences of quality of attachement suggest that….

Answer 31

both pshycoanalysts and ethologists are correct in their assumption that the attachment relationship becomes the foundation for future social relationships