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NUR 325 > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine Function of pancreas

A

pancreatic cells secrete directly into ducts, not bloodstream

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2
Q

Endocrine function of pancreas

A

cells secrete insulin directly into bloodstream

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3
Q

What is the primary source of blood sugar that our body receives?

A

Carbohydrates

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4
Q

Where are carbs broken down?

A

duodenum and proximal jejunum

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5
Q

Where does the endocrine function of the pancreas occur?

A

Islet of Lagernans

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6
Q

Alpha cells function

A

secrete glucagon in response to low blood sugar

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7
Q

Glucagon function

A

stimulates liver to release stored glucose into the blood

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8
Q

Beta cells function

A

produces insulin which lowers blood sugar levels by stimulating the movement of glucose into the body tissues

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9
Q

What hormones raise blood glucose?

A

Glucagon
Epinephrine
Glucocorticoids
Steroids
growth hormone

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10
Q

Fat sparing effect

A

drives cells to use carbs instead of fat for energy

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11
Q

What are the three results of insulin deficiency?

A

Decreased glucose uptake
Increased proteolysis
Increased lipolysis

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12
Q

Free fatty acids

A

alternative source of energy for tissues

excess: cholesterol and phospholipids

can lead to ketogenesis and acidosis

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13
Q

Short term complications of impaired fat metabolism

A

increased ketones
severe metabolic acidosis - coma

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14
Q

Long term complications of impaired fat metabolism

A

atherosclerosis
increased serum lipid levels

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15
Q

Proteolysis

A

body is unable to store protein efficiently

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16
Q

Protein catabolism

A

can occur in starvation pts
muscle wasting
multiple organ dysfunction
aminoacidmia
increased BUN

more typical in type 1 DM

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17
Q

Glycosuria

A

excretion of sugar in urine
increased acetones in urine
positive urine dipstick

occurs when hyperglycemia gets beyond control of what kidneys can absorb

18
Q

Polyphagia

A

increased hunger due to fat and protein catabolism

19
Q

Polydipsia

A

increase thirst due to serum osmolality

20
Q

Polyuria

A

frequent urination due to osmotic diuresis and loss of electrolytes

21
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

metabolic disorders characterized by HYPERglycemia resulting from absolute or relative insulin deficiency

22
Q

Hb A1C

A

3 month avg of blood sugar (%)
normal: 4-6
prediabetic: 5.7-6.4
diabetic: >6.5

23
Q

Fasting plasma glucose

A

normal: <99
prediabetic: 100-125
diabetic: >126

24
Q

Oral glucose tolerance test

A

*tests for gestational diabetes

normal: <139
prediabetic: 140-199
diabetic: >200

25
Q

Type 1 DM

A

most common in pediatrics

autoimmune, genetic predisposition and environmental trigger

ACUTE onset, complications not present at diagnosis

26
Q

Is Type 1 a rapid or slow onset?

A

Rapid

27
Q

Which type of diabetes destroys beta cells?

A

Type 1

28
Q

Type 1 S/Sx

A

3 Ps
fatigue
weight loss
prolonged wound healing
visual changes

29
Q

Type 2 DM

A

genetic and environmental

Insulin RESISTANT- loss of sentivity of insulin receptors

30
Q

Risk factors of Type 2 DM

A

Age
obesity
sedentary lifestyle
physical inactivity
HTN
family hx

31
Q

Type 2 S/Sx

A

non specific
blurry vision
vision changes
increased thirst
increased urination
recurring infections
unexpected weight loss
slow wound healing
tingling in feet

32
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A

more common in type 1

33
Q

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia Syndrome

A

more common in type 2

34
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

very rapid onset
BS <55-60

35
Q

Hypoglycemia S/Sx

A

pallor
sweating
anxiety
tachycardia
increased hunger
headache
blurred vision
irritable
restlessness
palpitations

36
Q

Microvascular complications

A

damage to capillaries
retinopathy
nephropathy
neuropathy

37
Q

Macrovascular complications

A

more common in type 2

damage to large blood vessels
coronary artery
peripheral vascular
cerebral vascular

atherosclerosis

38
Q

Microangiopathy

A

small blood vessel disease

39
Q

What is the most common diabetic complication?

A

neuropathy

40
Q

Diabetes and Infection

A

diminished warning signs
tissue hypoxia
rapid proliferation of pathogens

41
Q

What type of injection is insulin given through?

A

SubQ

NUR 325 (14 decks)

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