Diabetes - Amboss - Ikke ferdig

Question 1

Hva kjennetegner diabetes type 1 (DM1) når det gjelder hhv.:
- Genetikk
- Patogonese
- Relatert til fedme
- Sykdomsstart
- C-peptid
- Glukose intoleranse
- Insulin sensivitet
- Risiko for ketoacidose
- 𝛽-celler i pankreas
- Klassiske symptomer (f.eks.: polyuria, polydispia, polyphagia, vekttap)
- Histologi
- Behandling

Answer 1

Polyuri; The production of an abnormally large amount of urine. Quantitatively defined as the passage of > 3 liters of urine in 24 hours. Polydipsia; A condition of excessive thirst. Can be caused by organic (e.g., dehydration, hypovolemia, hyperglycemia, diabetes insipidus) or non-organic conditions (e.g., psychogenic polydipsia). Polyphagia; A symptom of excessive hunger and/or thirst.

Question 2

Hva kjennetegner diabetes type 2 (DM2) når det gjelder hhv.:
- Genetikk
- Patogonese
- Relatert til fedme
- Sykdomsstart
- C-peptid
- Glukose intoleranse
- Insulin sensivitet
- Risiko for ketoacidose
- 𝛽-celler i pankreas
- Klassiske symptomer (f.eks.: polyuria, polydispia, polyphagia, vekttap)
- Histologi
- Behandling

Answer 2

Polyuri; The production of an abnormally large amount of urine. Quantitatively defined as the passage of > 3 liters of urine in 24 hours. Polydipsia; A condition of excessive thirst. Can be caused by organic (e.g., dehydration, hypovolemia, hyperglycemia, diabetes insipidus) or non-organic conditions (e.g., psychogenic polydipsia). Polyphagia; A symptom of excessive hunger and/or thirst.

Answer 3

Question 4

Hvordan er epidemiologien til DM2?

Answer 4

The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes has risen substantially in recent years and is expected to continue rising. The primary reason for this is the rising prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity in industrialized nations. Insulin production decreases with age. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus is 13.3% in males and 10.8% in females.

Question 5

Hvilken etiologi har DM2?

Answer 5

“If you buy 4 DiaMonds and only pay for 3, you get 1 for free:” DR4 and DR3 are associated with Diabetes Mellitus type 1.

Genetic HLA testing can be used to evaluate the individual risk of inheritance. Environmental factors (e.g., exposure to viruses or toxic chemicals) may contribute to the onset of disease.

Question 6

Hvilke risikofaktorer er assosiert til DM2?

Answer 6

Genetic variants have been identified that increase susceptibility to T2DM. A child with one diabetic parent has a ∼ 40% lifetime risk of developing T2DM. The concordance between monozygotic twins is significant, with some studies finding rates of > 75%. Environmental factors may render a genetically susceptible person more vulnerable to the disease; for example, a high-calorie diet and physical inactivity can cause the disease to manifest earlier. The following groups are at increased risk of T2DM: African Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders. HDL level < 35 mg/dL (1.9 mmol/L) and/or triglyceride level > 250 mg/dL (13.9 mmol/L)(?). BP ≥ 130/80 mm Hg or patients already on antihypertensive medication.

Question 7

Hvilke medikamenter øker risikoen for DM2?

Answer 7

E.g., older nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and older protease inhibitors.

Question 8

Hvordan klassifiserer WHO og American Diabetes Association (ADA) diabetes?

Answer 8

Type 1

Type 2

Gestasjonell diabeties; Svangerskapsdiabetes

Andre former for diabetes mellitus

Question 9

Hva kjennetegner WHO sin klassifikasjon av DM1?