Dietetics Flashcards
When you check overrun, you are checking:
c. The weight of ice cream
What is the process by which the water content of a vegetable is replaced by a concentrated salt solution?
c. diffusion
Which recipe ingredient should be adjusted if a cake has a crunch crust and compact moist texture?
a. milk
b. flour
c. sugar
d. baking powder
c. sugar
Why do egg whites beat more easily at room temperature?
C. The surface tension is lower
Which pigment does not change color in an acid or an alkaline solution?
C. Carotenoid
The end products of cellular oxidation are:
A. Water, carbon dioxide, energy
Carbohydrates listed in order of decreasing sweetness are:
A. Fructose, glucose, sucrose, sorbitol
B. Sucrose, glucose, fructose, sorbitol
C. Fructose, sucrose, glucose, sorbitol
D. Sorbitol,fructose, sucrose, glucose
C. Fructose, sucrose, glucose, sorbitol
The flakiness of pie crust depends on:
A. Type of fat
Why do egg whites beat more easily at room temperature?
c. the surface tension is lower
The end products of cellular oxidation are:
a. water, carbon dioxide, energy
Carbohydrates listed in order of decreasing sweetness are:
a. fructose, glucose, sucrose, sorbitol
b. sucrose, glucose, fructose, sorbitol
c. fructose, sucrose, glucose, sorbitol
d. sorbitol, fructose, sucrose, glucose
c. fructose, sucrose, glucose, sorbitol
The flakiness of pie crust depends on:
a. type of fat
b. oxidation of fat
c. Temperature of the fat
d. oven temperature
a. type of fat
If the sole source of protein is gelatin, growth is inhibited because:
a. gelatin has no tryptophan and is low in methionine and lysine
b. gelatin has no methionine and is low in tryptophan
d. gelatin has no arginine
a. gelatin has no tryptophan and is low in methionine and lysine
A #10 can holds how many cups of product?
b. 13 cups
If you replace half and half with whipping cream in ice cream, the effects on the ice crystals will be:
a. an increase in size because there is less fat
b. a decrease in size because there is more fat
c. no change
d. an increase in size because there is more fat
b. a decrease in size because there is more fat
Fat produces more calories than carbohydrates because:
a. fat has more carbon and hydrogen in relation to oxygen
Research has shown that neural tube defects can be reduced with proper supplementation of:
b. folic acid
The best laboratory value to use in assessing iron status is:
c. ferritin
Which is the best flour to use when making cakes
b. all-purpose flour
Where is lactose absorbed?
a. small intestine
b. stomach
c. pancreas
d. liver
a. small intestine
Considering the following smoke points of various fats, which would be the best to use for frying?
a. 300 degrees F
b. 325 degrees F
c. 375 degrees F
d. 400 degrees F
d. 400 degrees F
Which minerals are involved in carbohydrate metabolism?
b. chromium, zinc
Acidic chyme becomes neutralized in the duodenum by:
a. mixing with bicarbonate and fluids
b. mixing with alkaline intestinal enzymes
c. mixing with sodium and potassium
d. mixing with bile
a. mixing with bicarbonate and fluids
The colon functions in the absorption of:
c. water, salts, vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin
To prevent frozen gravy from separating when thawed:
a. reheat slowly and stir constantly
b. thaw it before heating ans stir constantly
c. prepare it with modified starch
d. cook it longer before freezing to stabilize the gravy
c. prepare it with modified starch
How much fluid is lost through insensible losses?
b. 1 liter
An amino acid that canot be produced by the body is:
d. tyrptophan
The following is an irreversible reaction:
a. pyruvic acid into lactic acid
b. pyruvic acid into acetyl CoA
c. glucose-6-phospate into glycogen
d. glucose-6-phosphate into pyruvate
b. pyruvic acid into acetyl CoA
Riboflavin, thiamin and niacin are all involved in the:
a. metabolism of carbohydrate
b. metabolism of fat
c. metabolism of protein
d. products of amino acids
a. metabolism of carbohydrate
An increased plasma pyruvate level is an indication of:
a. iron deficiency
b. riboflavin deficiency
c. excess carbohydrate ingestion
d. thiamin deficiency
d. thiamin deficiency
What stabilizes an egg white foam?
a. an acid
Winterized oil is:
b. clear when refrigerated
What may cause EKG abnormalities?
a. high serum potassium level
b. low serum potassium level
c. low serum sodium level
d. high serum sodium level
a. high serum potassium level
In the fed state, the brain uses which nutrient as a source of energy?
c. glucose
In starvation, the brain uses which nutrient as an energy source?
d. ketone bodies
Gluconeogenesis is the:
b. creation of glucose from glycerol and amino acids
Glycolysis is the:
a. catabolism of carbohydrate
b. creation of glucose from glycerol and amino acids
c. breakdown of glycogen releasing glucose
d. creation of glycogen
a. catabolism of carbohydrate
Glycogenolysis is the:
c. breakdown of glycogen releasing glucose
The end product of aerobic glycolysis is:
b. pyruvic acid
Protein-bound iodine (PBI) measures:
a. nutritional status
b. toxic levels of iodine
c. deficiency of epinephrine
d. level of thyroxine being produced
d. level of thyroxine being produced
The hormone epinephrine:
a. lowers blood glucose during catabolic stress
b. raises blood glucose during catabolic stress
c. is secreted from the pituitary gland
d. stimulates glycogen production
b. raises blood glucose during catabolic stress
A provitamin is:
a. a nutrient than can be converted into a vitamin
The formula for producing the active form of vitamin D is:
a. vitamin D3 converting into 7-dehydrocholesterol
b. erosterol converting into calciferol
c. cholesterol converting into calciferol
d. 7-dehydrocholesterol converting into cholecalciferol
d. 7-dehydrocholesterol converting into cholecalciferol
In the human, vitamin K is affected by:
a. anticoagulants and antibiotics
b. iodine
c. water-soluble vitamins
d. gluten
a. anticoagulants and antibiotics
Which hormone regulates calcium levels?
c. parathyroid
Pyridoxine acts as a coenzyme in:
a. iron transfer
b. deamination and transamination
c. fat transfer through the lymphatic system
d. osmotic pressure of body fluid
b. deamination and transamination
Which of the following are synthesized by intestinal bacteria?
a. biotin, pantothenic acid, vitamin K
b. vitamin E, vitamin K, biotin
c. pyridoxine, vitamin E
d. ascorbic acid, pyridioxine, vitamin K
a. biotin, pantothenic acid, vitamin K
Biotin- coenzyme in FA synthesis, converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis
Pantothenic acid- Coenzyme A-energy synthesis of FAs
Vitamin K-Forms prothrombin in liver: aids blood clotting. Given pre-surgery. calcium metabolism
Ascorbic acid aids in healing. Which of the following applies?
a. collagen –> hydroxyproline
b. proline –> hydroxyproline –> collagen
c. hydroxyproline –> proline –> collagen
d. hydroxyproline –> collagen
b. proline –> hydroxyproline –> collagen
Biotin is considered a coenzyme in the synthesis of:
d. fatty acids
Food iron is in the ______form.
a. ferric
Food iron is reduced in the stomach to the more absorbable form of:
b. ferrous
Which would aid the absorption of an iron supplement?
a. cow’s milk
b. orange juice, hamburger
c. milk, eggs, cheese
d. dates, eggs
b. orange juice, hamburger
Bile is produced in the _______and stored in the _________.
a. liver, gallbladder
Cholecystokinin causes:
a. contraction of the gallbladder
b. peristalsis
c. secretion of pancretic juice
d. contraction of the liver
a. contraction of the gallbladder
Which enzymes are involved in protein digestion?
a. ptyalin, lipase, sucrase
b. amylase, lipase, trypsin
c. pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
d. trypsin, lipase, amylase
c. pepsin, tyrpsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
Protein digestion begins in the:
b. stomach
Which conversion requires glucose-6-phosphatase?
a. glucose into liver glycogen
b. glucose into pyruvic acid
c. pyruvic acid into lactic acid
d. liver glycogen into glucose
d. liver glycogen into glucose
Which enzymes are secreted by the
pancreas?
a. amylase, lipase, cholesterol esterase, trypsin, chymotrypsin
b. sucrose, maltase, lactase, aminopeptidase
c. ptylaln
d. aminopeptidase, dipeptidase
a. amylase, lipase, choesterol esterase, trypsin, chymotrypsin
Lactase is produced in the:
b. small intestine
NADPH is:
a. essential in the synthesis of fatty acids
b. essential in the synthesis of glycogen
c. involved in the catabolism of protein
d. essential in transamiation
a. essential in the synthesis of fatty acids
The following are required for the conversion of pyruvic acid into active acetate?
a. thiamin, NAD, oxaloacetic acid, magnesium
b. oxygen, pantothenic acid, vitamin E
c. thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, magnesium
d. pantothenic acid, oxaloacetate, citric acid
c. thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, magnesium
Which vitamin acts as a coenzyme in transamination?
a. pyridoxine
b. thiamin
c. riboflavin
d. vitamin B12
a. pyridoxine
Glucocorticoids:
a. convert glucose into protein
b. convert fatty acids into glucose
c. convert glucose into fat
d. convert protein into glucose
c. convert glucose into fat
Glucocorticoids:
a. thyroid hormones
b. pituitary hormones
c. adrenal hormones
d. parathyroid hormones
d. parathyroid hormones
Dietary fat enters the blood as ____ and leaves the liver as_____.
a. phospholipids, chylomicrons
b. chylomicrons, phospholipids
c. chylomicrons, lipoproteins
d. lipoproteins, chylomicrons
c. chylomicrons, lipoproteins
The oxidation of fatty acids forms:
a. acetyl CoA
b. pyruvic acid
c. lactic acid
d. oxaloacetate
a. acetyl CoA
The best way to monitor an infants failure to thrive is to plot:
a. weight for length
b. length for age
c. weight
d. weight for age
a. wieght for length
Which of the following can be reversed with vitamin A?
a. xerophthamlia
b. nyctalopia
c. Wilsons disease
d. homocysteinuria
b. nyctalopia (night blindness)
Fresh meat contamination comes mainly from:
a. botulism
b. staphylococcus
c. clostridium
d. salmonella
d. salmonella
Which amino acids must be present in a parenteral solution?
a. valine, leucine, glycine, alanine
b. tryptophan, phenylalanine, threonine, isoleucine
c. phenylalanine, methionine, arginine, tryosine
d. lysine, glutamic acid, alanine, glycine
b. tryptophan, phenylalanine, threonine, isoleucine
Iron absorption is enhanced by:
a. acidic chyme in the duodenum
b. the alkalinity of the duodenum
c. oxalates and phytates
d. the absence of ascorbic acid
a. acidic chyme in the duodenum
Which of the following inhibits gluconeogenesis?
a. glycogen
b. insulin
c. catecholamines
d. glucocorticoids
b. insulin
gluconeogenesis-synthensis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
Which has the lowest cholesterol content?
a. peanut butter and crackers
b. yogurt with fruit
c. chocolate cake
d. Roast beef sandwich
a. peanut butter and crackers
What is the difference between cake flour and bread flour?
a. cake flour has less gluten, weaker gluten, less protein
b. bread flour has less glutein, weaker gluten less protein
c. cake flour has weaker gluten, but has more protein
c. bread flour has stronger gluten and less protein
a. cake flour has less gluten, weaker gluten, less protein
Vitamin A is involved in:
a. growth and development
b. blood clotting
c. growth of bones and teeth
d. development of tissue and skin
d. development of tissue and skin
A patient with metabolic alkalosis would have:
a. excess excretion of base through the kidneys
b. retention of base by the lungs
c. excretion of base by the lungs
d. retention of base by the kidneys
d. retention of base by the kidneys
Which foods should be washed just before serving?
a. plums and grapes
b. peaches and carrots
c. strawberries and mushrooms
d. apples and celery
c. strawberries and mushrooms
Which government agency inspects and grades meat?
c. USDA
If linoleic acid replaces carbohydrates in the diet:
a. LDL decreases, HDL increases
best source is safflower oil (mostly PUFA)
Which is not absorbed directly into the portal blood?
a. monosaccharides
b. amino acids
c. medium chained fatty acids
d. long chained fatty acids
d. long chained fatty acids
When substituting buttermilk for whole milk in pastry:
a. decrease the liquid
b. increase the baking soda
c. increase the amount of butter
d. increase the liquid
b. increase the baking soda
Ground meat will spoil faster than sliced meat because:
a. it has more enzyme activity
b. it has more fat
c. more surface area is exposed
d. it has less fat
c. more surface area is exposed
Evaporated milk has:
a. slightly more than half of the water removed
b. added sugar
c. a fat content of 3-6%
d. lactose removed
a. slightly more than half of the water removed
ketones are most associated with:
a. complex carbohydrates
b. simple sugars
c. fats
d. amino acids
c. fats
Which best describes sorbitol and glucose?
a. sorbitol is sweeter than glucose
b. they each provide 7 calories per gram
c. sorbitol is absorbed more slowly
d. they both covert into fructose
c. sorbitol is absorbed more slowly
What causes egg yolk color to change?
a. alteration of the feed provided
color of yolk depends on amount and type of pigment in hen’s diet
Which data is needed to convert weight into volume?
c. specific gravity
The tartness in fruits and vegetables is due to:
a. flavones
b. cholrophyll
c. anthoxanthins
d. tannins
d. tannins
When a white sauce tastes starchy and grainy, the likely cause is:
a. too much starch
b. improprer proportions of ingredients
c. starch was added before the fat melted
d. uncooked flour
d. uncooked flour
The scientific process b which water makes lettuce crisp is:
a. ostmotic pressure of water-filled vacoules
b. diffusion
c. transamination
d. water active diffusion
a. ostmotic pressure of water-filled vacoules
When analyzing correlations, when r=1:
a. there is a perfect coorelation frone one to the other
b. there is no coorelation among data presented
c. the data presented move in opposite directions
d. there is a weak coorelation among data presented
a. there is a perfect coorelation from one to the other
Which hormone greatly influences BMR?
a. the endocrine hormone
b. thyroxine
c. the growth hormone
d. insulin
b. thyroxine
If linoleic acid replaces saturated fat in the diet:
a. total cholesterol including HDL decrease
best source of linoleic acid is safflower oil
lack of creates eczema, poor growth rate, petechiae (red, purple skin spots)
NOTE: if linoleic acid replaces CHO: LDL decreases, and HDL increases
Which oil is highest in monounsaturated fatty acids?
a. olive
b. canola
c. peanut
d. sunflower
a olive oil
which oil is highest in saturated fat?
a. coconut
b. palm
c. cocoa butter
d. butter
a coconut oil
Which of the following may result in metabolic acidosis?
a. decreased retention of bicarbonate
b. decreased retention of hydrogen
c. decreased retention of chloride
d. increased retention of bicarbonate
a. decreased retention of bicarbonate
Examples of moist heat cooking include:
a. braising, stewing
b. grilling, frying
c. broiling, braising
d. steaming, frying
a. braising, stewing
used for less tender cuts with more connective tissue (bottom round, chuck, brisket)
Dry heat cookery should be used for which cut of meat?
a. shoulder
b. neck
c. brisket
d. near the backbone
d. near the backbone (loin, sirloin)
dry heat used for tender cuts of meat
What color do onions turn when cooked in an aluminum pan?
a. purple
b. blue
c. red
d. yellow
d. yellow
colorless in acid, yellow in alkaline
Which cooking method would best covert collagen to gelatin in a bottom round roast?
a. grilling it to medium rare
b. braising
c. broiling
d. searing
b. braising
Which method of bread-making is not as dependent on the length of time the dough sits to rise?
a. straight dough method
b. sponge dough method
c. continous method
d. prime bake method
c. continuous method
Which nutrient is added for flour enrichment?
d. iron
What does the term “USDA graded” on meat tell the consumer?
a. it assures wholesomeness
b. it was free of disease at time of slaugher
c. The meat if fit for human consumption
d. it defines quality
d. it defines quality
A cake with a fallen center may be the results of:
a. too little fat
b. too little sugar
c. excess sugar and excess fat
d. too little baking powder
c. excess sugar and excess fat
other possibilities: excess baking powder, inadequate mixing, oven temp too low, open dorr during early baking
Which of the following has the least amount of saturated fat?
a. 2% milk
b. half and half
c. non-dairy creamer
d. evaporated skim milk
d. evaporated skim milk
Coarse texture in a cake can be due to what?
too much baking powder or sugar, oven temp too low, inadequate mixing
Nitrogen equilibrium is associated with:
a. a 25 year old pregnant female
b. a 25 year old male
c. a 15 year old girl
d. a 4 year old child
b. a 25 year old male
Childrens diets are found to be low in iron due to emphasis on what?
b. milk
Which mineral is involved in blood clotting?
a. calcium
Which of the following is true regarding flour?
a. all purpose flour is made from soft wheat
b. all purpose flour has more protein than bread flour
c. cake flour has the least and weakest gluten
d. cake flour las less starch than bread flour
c. cake flour has the least and weakest gluten
The main function of glycolsis is to provide: a . pyruvate for the TCA cycle b. lactic acid for energy use by muscles c. muscle and liver glycogen d. a substrate for the Cori cycle
a. pyruvate for the TCA cycle
Food service emplyees should wash their hands for at least:
c. 20 seconds
Metabolites of the Krebs cycle are:
a. water, energy, carbon dioxide
Meat graded “US Standard” is the grade given when?
d. time of slaughter
Which of the following substitutions will most decrease the sodium content of a biscuit?
I. low sodium milk for whole milk
II. egg substitute for egg
III low sodium baking powder
a. I
b. I, II
c. all of the above
d. I, III
d. I, III
low sodium milk for whole milk and low sodium baking powder
Which pasta contains egg?
a. noodles
A patient who is iron-deficient should consume ___ with a good iron source.
a. apple juice
b. orange juice
c. milk
d. cheese
b. orange juice
A serum sodium level of 150 mEq/L indicates:
a. sepsis
b. dehydration
c. hypertension
d. hyperglycemia
b. dehydration
Normal range of sodium: 136-145 mEq/L
A serum sodium level of 150 mEq/L indicates hypernatremia. Hypernatremia can cause significant neurological, endocrine, and cardiac disturbances because the increase serum sodium causes intracellular water to diffuse into the extracellular spaces resulting in dehydration at the cellular level.
Cabbage should be cooked:
a. covered
b. in a small amount of water
c. in a large quantity of water
d. covered in a small amount of water
c. in a large quantity of water
To decrease sodium intake, substitute:
a. carrots for celery
b. unsalted margarine for regular margarine
c. diet margarine for regular margarine
d. carrots for pepper
b. unsalted margarine for regular margarine
Apples stored in a controlled environment would:
a. ripen quickly
b. last one to two years
c. have extended life and improved marketing quality
d. only be used as processed fruit
c. have extended life and improved marketing quality
The following oils can be winterized:
a. corn, soy, cottonseed
b. olive, corn, soy
c. cottonseed, olive
d. olive, corn
a. corn, soy, cottonseed
Which would you give to a person who is mildly hypokalemic?
a. 1 cup blueberries
b. 1 cup cranberries
c. 1/2 cup applesauce
d. 1 piece of cantaloupe
d. 1 piece of cantaloupe
Normal potassium: 3.5-5 mEq/L
Potassium sources: meat, fruits, vegetables (banana, orange, tomato, potato, cantaloupe)
A serum sodium level of 150 mEq/L is a sign of:
a. very high sodium intake
b. very low sodium intake
c. hyponatremia
d. hypernatremia
d. hypernatremia
Normal range of sodium: 136-145 mEq/L
To increase potassium intake, consume a snack of:
a. cheese and crackers, plums, cranberry juice
b. a bagel, milk and an apple
c. a grilled cheese and tomato sandwich with strawberries
d. tuna salad, a wheat roll, and a cola
c. a grilled cheese and tomato sandwich with strawberries
Normal potassium: 3.5-5 mEq/L
Potassium sources: meat, fruits, vegetables (banana, orange, tomato, potato, cantaloupe)
If protein intake is doubled, which nutrient needs to be increased?
a. pyridoxine
b. folic acid
c. niacin
d. vitamin C
a. pyridoxine
The level of significance of test results is measured using the p value. Which of the following represents the most significant factor?
a. < 0.0002
b. < 0.002
c. <0.02
d. < 0.20
a. < 0.0002
The Cori cycle converts:
a. glucose into galactose
b. lactate into pyruvate
c. lactic acid into glycogen
d. glycogen into glucose
b. lactate into pyruvate
Fats high in monounsaturated fatty acids include:
a. olive and canola
b. safflower and corn
c. coconut and palm
d. soy and peanut
a. olive and canola
Fats high in polyunsaturated fatty acids include:
a. olive and canola
b. safflower and corn
c. coconut and palm
d. soy and peanut
b. safflower and corn
Green beans cooked in tomato sauce turn___ due to _____.
a. bright green; chlorophyllin
b. olive green; pheophytin
c. brown; carotenoids
d. black; anthoxanthins
b. olive green; pheophytin
Pigment: green, due to chlorophyll
olive green in acid (pheopyhtin), bright green in alkaline (chlorophyllin)