Differential Acheivement- Social Class

Question 1

Inside of school factor-interactionsit-Becker

Answer 1

teachers see middle class pupils are closest to the ideal pupil in terms of performance, conduct, appearance and attitude whilst working class are furthest from it. Teachers make judgements about ability and the label they apply shape their interactions and communicate the label to the pupil which can lead to a self fulfilling prophecy.

Question 2

Inside-interactionsit-keddie

Answer 2

Researched streaming found evidence of teachers expectations being less for those in bottom sets, undermining the quality of teaching. A streamers were trusted with minimum supervision and make contribution to class discussion, C had constant social control, rarely left on own. Link between streaming and anti school subcultures (live down to labels)

Question 3

Inside-intersctionist-Hargreaves

Answer 3

Compared 2 streams of boys in secondary modern found selection of stream closely related to behaviour, top rewarded for behaviour so confirmed and did well, lower felt unable to achieve in teachers eyes so sought status from peers in anti school subcultures. More effective teachers to too stress . Speculation, working hypothesis(develop theories on type of student). Elaboration(confirm or reject based on behaviour), stabilisation (interpret behaviour according to label)

Question 4

Inside-interactionist-Abrahams

Answer 4

Interconnection of setting, labelling and subcultures as why students underachieve.the dominant class and gender ideologies are promoted in education who subconsciously label students - teachers need specific training to recognise labelling leads to underachievement. Says streaming should be stopped

Question 5

Inside-pupil subcultures- hargreaves, Mac and ghail and Willis

Answer 5

Lower streams felt unable to achieve status from teacher so found it in peer groups in anti school subcultures. Mac and ghail - macho lads had no qualifications so could not move into new working class roles .

Question 6

Inside-Marxist-Althusser, Bowles and gintis

Answer 6

See role of education

Question 7

Functionalist- durkheim and Davis and Moore

Answer 7

See role of education

Question 8

Outside of school factors-the new right-eyesneck

Answer 8

States that IQ is largely inherited- claims 60-80% is genetically based. What children take out of school is proportional to what they bring in terms of iq. Class differences in intelligence account for diffs in educational attainment

Question 9

Outside-new right- Hernstein and jensen

Answer 9

Estimate 60-80% of intelligence is genetically based and class diffs account for class diffs in attainment

Question 10

Outside-material-smith and Noble

Answer 10

Some students face financial barriers to learning die to parents low income. Unable to afford uniforms, transport, textbooks and class materials which can lead to isolation and bullying, less Leila to have desk/computer, marketisation of schools mean better resources in affluent areas, pupils more likely to work part internet or care for siblings

Question 11

Outside-material-raey et al

Answer 11

Economic capital is needed to gain cultural capital so some stidents miss out which has negative impact on education. Claims private education is a way of paying into cultural capital. Working class tridents are more likely to have part time jobs which reduces chance of higher grades. Over 25% of private school students have extra tuition compared to 10% state - recent policies have lead to an increase in tuition fees-fear of debt in W.c

Question 12

Outside-material-calendar and Jackson

Answer 12

Surveys on 2000 prospective HE students and found that those who feared of debt (mostly working class) were 4 times less likely to apply for uni

Question 13

Outside-cultural-Douglas

Answer 13

Longitudinal survey the home and the school and found that health, size of family, the school affect attainment. Most sig factor was the degree of parents interest in education. Middle class more likely to encourage achievement. Judged based on visits to school to discuss child’s progress

Question 14

Outside, -culture -feinstein

Answer 14

Parental interest a sig factor in achievement and class diffs in terms of support. Asked for teachers assessment /hedge t of parents interest parents showed - although W.c. Is may work more than one job

Question 15

Outside-culture-bernstein

Answer 15

Middle class are bake to use both restricted code (informal situations p, lacks in depth description, predictable , additional knowledge not needed) and elaborated code (formal, educated,, creative expressions range of adjectives and pronouns. Whereas W.c. Only have access to restricted. M.c outperform as can algae more and have higher level discussions , enhance essay answers (m.S. have excellent use of language and grammar)

Question 16

Outside, working class subcultures/cultural-sugarman

Answer 16

Working class form a different subculture with fatalism(see futures as manual work), immediate gratification (leave education for money), present time orientation , collectivism (loyal to peer group instead of academic achievement)

Question 17

Outside-Marx-bourdieu and gerwitz

Answer 17

Gerwitz-competition between schools benefits the middle class who can get children into desirable schools. Doffs in economic and cultural capital lead to diffs in how far parents can expertise choice of school. Middle class are privaleged skilled choosers as understand admissions, can move areas