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Psychology 1B HA > Differential Psychology > Flashcards

Differential Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What does it mean to measure something?

A

It means to quantify some characteristic of that thing

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2
Q

What are the three different things we measure in psychology?

A

physical - actual movement of perception
behavioural - how people react in a given situation
psychological -things going on in the head

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3
Q

What is the criteria of good measurement?

A
  • want our measures to be free from bias
  • all measurement has error associated with it
  • error is evenly distributed
  • measure should have the same meaning regardless of who or what we apply it to
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4
Q

What are traits?

A

Traits are:

  • possessed by individuals
  • what differentiate individuals
  • stable over time
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5
Q

What are psychological traits often seen as?

A

Often seen as hypothetical constructs

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6
Q

What are physical traits measured on?

A

They are measured on a ratio scale where each unit meant the same thing.

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7
Q

What are the five things you can look at to determine how good your measure is?

A 
1- criterion validity
2- internal consistency
3- retest reliability
4- freedom from bias
5- measurement invariance
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8
Q

What tests do we use to measure intelligence?

A

IQ tests, Aptitude tests, ability tests

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9
Q

What instruments do we use to measure intelligence?

A

Stanford-Binet Intelligence test, Wechsler’s Adult Intelligence scale, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children, Army Alpha and Beta, Cattell’s Culture Fair Test, Raven’s Progressive Matrices, Scholastic Aptitude Test

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10
Q

What are the biases in IQ tests?

A

Some items are more easily answered by one group despite their being no IQ difference.

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11
Q

What is the difference between types versus traits?

A

Difference is whether people are classified as one thing versus another or whether you are looking at a continuum where someone is just higher or lower on some uniform dimension

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12
Q

There are three types of personality traits. What are they?

A

1- projective
2- objective
⤢ ⤡
empirical theoretical/factor analytic

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13
Q

How are objective tests designed?

A

They are empirically designed

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14
Q

What does the nomothetic approach do?

A

It provides a way to categorize using theory or observations and analyse data and see what happens

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15
Q

What are the three types of data analysis?

A

1- principal components analysis
2- factor analysis
3- cluster analysis

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16
Q

What is one issue for factor analysis?

A

There’s no way to tell for certain how many factors you have

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17
Q

What are the five factors in the Five Factor Model?

A

O, C, E, A and N

openness | conscientiousness | extraversion | agreeableness | neuroticism

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18
Q

What does the standard model of social science test for?

A

Typically tests for associations between some environmental exposure and behaviour (or outcome)

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19
Q

What is a problem with the standard model of social science test?

A

Often missing random assignments and control groups

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20
Q

What is meiosis the basis of? and what is it responsible for?

A

It is the basis of sexual reproduction and is responsible for genetic diversity

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21
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

They are species that have cells which possess a membrane-bounded nucleus and organelles

22
Q

Where does meiosis take place?

A

Takes place only in eukaryotes

23
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Nucleus is part of a cell containing DNA and RNA

24
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

It is found on chromosomes

25
Q

What are organelles?

A

Organelles are structures such as mitochondria

26
Q

What do chromosomes of diploid cells do and produce?

A

They re-segregate and produce four haploid daughter cells

27
Q

What happens at fertilization?

A

Two sets of haploid cells come together to create diploid cells that make new organism

28
Q

What does fertilization result in?

A

Results in parent-offspring and sibling similarity

29
Q

What do gene-environment correlations lead to?

A

Can lead to spurious correlations between family/home environment and traits

30
Q

Sandra Scarr and Katherine McCartney identified three types of gene environment correlations. What are they?

A

1- passive (e.g. children read more as parents have loads of books in the house)
2- active (e.g. child actively asks for books)
3 - evocative (e.g. child’s genotype leads to them to experience certain kinds of environmental events)

31
Q

What are monozygotic twins?

A

MZ twins develop from one fertilized egg that splits. These are clones that share 100% of their genes

32
Q

What are dizygotic twins?

A

DZ twins develop from two separately fertilized eggs. They are full siblings and share 50% of their genes.

33
Q

What do genetically informative studies tell us?

A

They tell us that family environments have mostly small effects

34
Q

What are three designs for testing age effects?

A

Cross-sectional, longitudinal and cross - sequential

35
Q

What are cohort effects?

A

They refer to historical circumstances of these individuals

36
Q

What is a cross sectional study?

A

It is an easy study to do as its a one shot trial involving a large group of people.

37
Q

What is a longitudinal study?

A

It is where you measure each individual in sample at least two times

38
Q

What is attrition?

A

Attrition is if one trait is related to whether people will drop out or die before study is concluded, the remaining sample will be biased.

39
Q

What are practice effects?

A

Practice effects are if looking at ability, having taken the test multiple times, individuals improve

40
Q

Cognitive function declines with age. What are the two different types of decline?

A

1- Normative (non-pathological decline)

2- Dementia (pathological decline)

41
Q

Cognitive reserve hypothesis is difficult to measure. What does it require?

A

It requires:

  • accurate measures of change in the brain
  • defining and accurately measuring the reserve
  • measures of decline in function
  • measures of the degree to which reserve supports function over what function would otherwise be
42
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A

It summarizes many different studies to see general effect.

43
Q

What does meta-analysis try an answer?

A

Often tries to answer questions about how large effect is, whether effect is reliable and whether there is publication bias.

44
Q

What does Brent Robert et al.’s hypothesis of Social Investment Principle argue and predict?

A

They argue that development in personality is a ‘transaction’ between a person and their environment. This would predict that change in personality should track certain life events

45
Q

What does Costa and McCrae’s Five Factor Theory say?

A

They say that personality development is a biological process and they argue that stability and change should be heritable

46
Q

How do people often measure the size of effects of IQ?

A

Often there are correlations between IQ and success

47
Q

Why do we find associations between job performance and general mental ability?

A
  • One possibility may be that brighter people make better decisions and can learn the job more quickly.
  • social class also leads to better educational and work outcomes
48
Q

What is criminal behaviour associated with?

A

Low IQ is associated with criminal behaviour

49
Q

What can explain relationship between IQ and criminal behaviour?

A

One thought is that there are 2 types of empathy.

1) cognitive : understanding another’s emotional state
2) affective: share another’s emotional state

50
Q

What is a transformational leader?

A

They have:

  • an idealized influence on people
  • inspirational motivation
  • intellectual stimulation
  • individual consideration
51
Q

What are some internalizing disorders?

A
  • depressive disorders + suicide
  • anxiety disorders, including phobias
  • generalized anxiety disorder, OCD
  • panic disorder
  • eating disorders
52
Q

What are personality disorders?

A

They are disorders which are rooted in people’s personalities which make it difficult for them to get along in society including:

  • interpersonal problems
  • problems with the law and coping
  • cognitive and perceptual distortions

Psychology 1B HA (5 decks)

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