Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physiology > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Name the parts of the alimentary canal.

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Buccopharyngeal cavity
  3. Oesophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small intestine
  6. Large intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the general accessory digestive glands.

A
  1. Salivary gland
  2. Gastric gland
  3. Liver
  4. Pancreas
  5. Intestinal gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mouth is a _________

A

horizontal transverse skit like aperture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Muscle responsible for lip movement is

A

Orbicularis oris muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Buccopharyngeal cavity is divided into two parts. What are they?

A
  1. Buccal vestibule - The space between the gums and cheeks where the food is stored temporarily.
  2. Main Oral cavity - It is the inner and the central part which is surrounded by upper and lower jaw.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Oral cavity is lined by which tissue?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Palate is differentiated into two parts-

A

Anterior hard palate

Posterior soft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hard palate is made of

A

Palatine bone & Maxilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Palatine rugae

A

Present on the ventral surface of hard palate, it is used for holding the food and to prevent it from slipping.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Posterior outgrowth of soft palate.

A

Uvula or Velum palati.

Hangs down in the form of finger like process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Common path for food and air.

A

Pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Function of uvula

A

Covers the opening of internal nasal pores during ingestion of food, so food particles do not enter the nasal chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is the tongue present

A

The tongue is present on the floor of oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which part of the tongue is free?

A

The anterior part of the tongue is free

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The Hyoid Bone is present on which part of the tongue?

A

Posterior part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The ventral surface of tongue is connected to the floor of buccal cavity by which membrane?

A

Frenulum linguae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the shape of the Sulcus Terminal?

A

Sulcus Terminal of tongue is V-shaped.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Fungiform Papillae

A 
It is 
pink coloured, 
spherical in shape, 
taste buds present.
Present on the anterior part of tongue. 
Attached with a PEDICLE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Filiform Papillae

A 
White coloured, 
cone shaped, 
taste buds absent and 
numerous in number. 
Has a rough surface to hold the food while chewing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Circumvillate Papillae

A 
Largest,
spherical,
taste buds present
8-12 in number 
Found near sulcus terminalis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Function of tongue?

A

Reception of Taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Taste buds are modification of?

A

Epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hardest material in all animal kingdom.

A

Enamel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Enamel is secreted by

A

ameloblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Composition of Enamel

A

Inorganic salts 96%
Water 3%
Amelogenin & enamelin protein 1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Protein of Bones

A

Osein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Enamel is ectodermal or mesodermal?

A

Ectodermal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Remaining part of teeth other than enamel is ______

A

mesodermal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which is the main part of tooth?

A

Dentine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The aperture at the base of pulp cavity is called?

A

Apical foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Diastema

A

the space present due to absence of canine in herbivores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Dental formula of a child

A

2 1 0 2
———
2 1 0 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Dental formulae of 17yo

A

2 1 2 2
———
2 1 2 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

dental formula of an adult

A

2 1 2 3
———
2 1 2 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

which teeth are monophyodont

A

Pm1, Pm2, M3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which teeth are diphyodont

A

Incisors
Cannine
Molar 1
Molar 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Polyphyodont

A

Fishes and amphibians teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Human teeth has what type of arrangement of teeth?

A

Thecodont

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is acrodont type of teeth arrangement

A

Like choco chips on a softie, found in fishes and amphibians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Are the sailivary glands situated inside or outside the buccal cavity ?

A

Outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where is the Parotid Gland locates?

A

Near the ear(cheeks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Which is the largest salivary gland?

A

Parotid Gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Which duct is associated with the parotid gland? where does it open into?

A

Stenson’s duct which open into the upper jaw vestibule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Which salivary gland is present at the junction of upper and lower jaw?

A

Submandibular gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Wharton’s duct

A

duct of the submandibular gland and is the longest salivary duct. it opens behind the lower incisors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Which gland secretes maximum saliva?

A

Submandibular gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Sublingual gland

A

Below tongue
Smallest
Duct of rivinus (shortest) which opens in the ventral side of the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

ph of saliva

A

6.8 (basic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Composition of saliva

A

Water 99.5%

HCO3-
Cl-
mucin
Ptylin (Salicary alpha amylase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Widest part of the elimwntary canal

A

Stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Which antibody is present in Salivary amylase (Ptylin)

A

IgA Antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the shape of the stomach in empty condition?

A

J-shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Parts of the stomach

A
  1. Cardia
  2. Fundus
  3. Body
  4. Pylorus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Two openings of the stomach are:-

A

Cardiac Orifice (joined by the lower end of the oesophagus

Pyloric Orifice opens into the duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Omentum

A

Fat and lymph tissue deposited on the peritoneum is called omentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

For how long does the stomach store food?

A

4-5 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Epiglottis is what kind of tissue

A

Elastic Cartilagenous flap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Ventral and dorsal aperture in the oropharynx

A

Ventral - Glottis (larynx)

Dorsal - Gullet (opens into the oesophagus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Chyme

A

Acidic food in the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How is the musocal epithelium protected from excoriation by the highly conc HCL

A

It is protected by the mucus and bicarbonates present in the gastric juice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

The cells in the Gastric Glands

A
  1. Mucosal neck cell: Mucus (HCO3-)
  2. Chief cell/Peptic cell/Zymogen cell: Proenzyme and Gastric Lipase
  3. Oxyntic cell/Parietal cell: HCl & CIF
  4. Enteroendocrine: Hormone
62
Q

Which proenzyme is secreted in young mammals

A

Prorennin is a proteolytic enzyme in infants which helps in the digestion of milk proteins (casin)

63
Q

How much % does gastric lipase help in fat digestion?

A

1%

64
Q

what is the function of HCl in the stomach?

A
  1. To convert inactive ensures into active enzymes.

Pepsinogen —HCl—> Pepsin

Prorennin—HCl—> Rennin

  1. Destroys bacteria present in the food.
  2. HCl stops the action of saliva in the food. The food is converted to chyme (acidic)
  3. It dissolves the hard portion of the food and makes it soft.
65
Q

Enteroendocrine is differentiated into how many cells?

A

G- Gastrin
D- Somatostatin
ECL- Serotonin and Histamine

66
Q

What does the release of D cell do in the stomach?

A

D cells releases Somatostatin which suppresses the release of hormones from the digestive tract.

67
Q

What does serotonin do?

A

Serotonin is a vasoconstrictor and stimulates the smooth muscles

68
Q

Histamine is released by which cell in the stomach and what does it do?

A

Histamine is secreted by the ECL cells and it dilated the walls of the blood vessels.

69
Q

Composition of Gastric Juice

A

Water (99.5%)
HCl (0.2-0.3%)
mucus & gastric enzymes

70
Q

pH of Gastric juice

A

1.5 to 2.5 (acidic)

71
Q

Layers of the alimentary canal (outer to inner)

A

Serosa
Muscularis
Submucosa
Mucosa

72
Q

Where does maximum peristalsis take place?

A

In the stomach

73
Q

Where does minimum peristalsis take place?

A

In the rectum

74
Q

Go through Page 8 of disgestive system

A

..

75
Q

Where is MALT located in the alimentary canal

A

Stomach —> Mucosa —> Lamina (middle layer)

76
Q

What is the epithelial mucosa made of in the oesophagus?

A

Non Keratinised Stratified Squamous Epithelium

SINGLE LAYER except in OESOPHAGUS

77
Q

Type of villi found in the epithelial mucosa in the small intestine

A

Conical

78
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

A

Small slit like spaces found at the base of the villi

79
Q

Goblet cells

A

Cells present on the surface of mucous epithelium which acts as a lubricant and protects the surface from damage and digestion.

80
Q

Where is maximum villi found?

A

Jejunum

81
Q

Brunners gland

A
  1. small, spherical multicellular gland
  2. Present in submucosa of Duodenum
  3. Secreted non-enzymatic alkaline mucus to protect the epithelium from HCl
  4. They open into the crypts of lieberkuhn via fine tubules
82
Q

Paneth cells

A
  1. Found in Crypts of Lieberkuhn of small intestine
  2. UNICELLUAR GLANDS
  3. Provides immunity
83
Q

Peyers patches

A

found in mucosa of small intestine AKA intestinal tonsils

84
Q

Auerbach’s never plexus

A

Between LML & CML

INITIATES PERISTALSIS

85
Q

Meissner’s Nerve plexus

A

Between CML & Submucosa but in stomach it is between oblique muscle and submucosa

SECRETES EPITHELIAL MUCOSA

86
Q

Duodenum

A

Widest
Retroperitoneal
Maximum digestion
fixed

87
Q

Where does max absorption take place?

A

Jejunum

88
Q

Where does digestion gets completed?

A

Ileum

89
Q

Valves of kerckring

A

permanent deep fold in the small intestine

90
Q

Large intestine is divided into three parts.

A

Caecum
Colon
Rectum

91
Q

illeocaecal junction

A

ileum opens into the caecum and is guarded by the ileocaecal valve

92
Q

Vermiform appendix is situated..

A

2cm below the ileocaecal orifice.

it is a vestigial organ 2-20cm in length.

93
Q

Caecum is well developed in ?

A

rabbit which has cellulase to digest the cellulose

94
Q

Teniae coli

A

the three longitudinal bands which runs along the colon forming haustra

95
Q

rectum

A

storage chamber for faeces

96
Q

Liver

A

Largest gland
Endodermal
weight 1.2-1.5 kg

97
Q

Where is the liver situated?

A

Liver is found in right side of the abdominal cavity

98
Q

Portion division in liver

A

Right lobe 5/6

left lobe 1/6

99
Q

Falciform ligament

A

right lobe and left lobe of the liver is separated by the falciform ligament which is made up of folds of peritoneum

100
Q

The right hepatic duct and left hepatic duct joint to form

A

common bile duct

101
Q

Gall bladder

A

Thin muscular sac
below the right lobe of the liver

Cystic duct

102
Q

Common bile duct is also known as

A

ductus choledocus

103
Q

The functional and structural unit of liver.

A

Hepatic lobule

104
Q

Each hepatic lobule is covered by

A

thin fibrous c.t called GLISSON’s CAPSULE

105
Q

Radial rows of hepatic cells in each lobule

A

hepatic cord

106
Q

Kuppffer’s cells

A

Macrophages (phagocytic) in the liver present in the sinusoids

107
Q

Bile canaliculi

A

run between two layers of hepatic cord

hepatocytes pour bile into the canaliculi

108
Q

Canaliculi opens into …?

A

branch of the hepatic duct

109
Q

where is the portal triad found?

A

angular part of the glisson’s capsule

110
Q

portal triad

A

branch of bile duct
branch of hepatic artery
branch of hepatic portal vein

111
Q

Sinusoids open into the…?

A

Central vein which opens into the inferior vena cava

112
Q

Function of the liver

A

A- angiotensinogen synthesis ; Vit A from B-carotene

B- Bile juice synthesis

C- Clotting factor I, II , V, VII, IX, X ; carbohydrate metabolism

D- Deamination ; Detoxification [ammonia(toxic) to urea (less toxic) by Ornithine cycle]

F- Fat storage

H- Haemopoiesis (formation of blood cells)

P- Purification of blood by kupffer cells ; Plasma protein synthesis (except Gamma-globulin)

S- Storage is minerals(iron, zinc, Ni) and vitamins (A, D, E, K, B12)

113
Q

Glucose is stored where and how?

A

Glucose is stored in the liver in the form of glycogen

114
Q

Gluneogenesis

A

formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate cpds sudha as Amino acids and fatty acids

115
Q

Glyconeogenesis

A

Glycogen from lactic acid

116
Q

Glycogensis

A

Glucose to glycogen

117
Q

when does glycogenolysis occur?

A

when glucose level in blood falls down

118
Q

Bile juice

A

Hepatocytes produce bile juice.

Bile juice does not contain digestive enzyme. not a true digestive juice

pH= 8

500-700 daily

119
Q

Bile juice contents

A 
water (98%)
bile acid
bile pigments (bilirubin & biliverdin)
lecithine 
cholesterol
120
Q

Salts on bile juice

A

Inorganic- NaCl, NaHCO3, Na2CO3

Organic- Na-glycocholate & Na-taurocholate

121
Q

Function of bile juice

A

Neutralisation
Emulsification
Activation of lipase

122
Q

Pancreas

A

Heterocrine gland
endoderm
exocrine 99%
endocrine 1%

123
Q

Exocrine part of the pancreas

A

It is made up of acini

  • acini are pyramidal secretory cells surrounding a cavity
  • each acini opens into the pancreatic ductule which joins to form MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT (Duct of Wirsung) —> hepatic pancreatic duct —> sphincter of oddi—> duodenum
  • accessory pancreatic duct (Duct of Santorini)
124
Q

Endocrine part of the pancreas

A

Islets if Langerhan’s

alpha cell- Glucagon
Beta cell- Insulin
Gamma cell- Somatostatin
Pp cell- pancreatic polypeptide

125
Q

Pancreatic secretion is secreted by which hormones?

A

CCK and ACh

Bicarbonate by secretin hormone

126
Q

pH of pancreatic juice

A

7.5-8.3

127
Q

Composition of pancreatic juice

A

water 98%

salt and enzymes 2%

128
Q

Pancreatic alpha amylase (amylopepsin)

A

Converts starch —> maltose

129
Q

Where is maximum of the starch broken down?

A

In the duodenum

130
Q

Pancreatic protease

A

Trypsinogen —Enterpeptidase—> Trypsin

Chymotrypsinogen —Trypsin—> Chymotrypsin

Proelastase—Trypsin—> Elastase

Procarboxypeptidase —Trypsin—> Carboxypeptidase
—————
Trypsin and chymotrypsin are endoprotease hence breaks protein to large peptide

Elastase: Large peptide ——> dipeptide

Carboxypeptidase: LP—> Oligopeptide—> Dipeptide

131
Q

Fat (lipid) digestion in the pancreas

A

enzymes Known as streapsin

Lipase: Triglyceride to di and monoglyceride

Phospholipase: digests phopholipids

Cholestro estrase: digests cholesterol esters

132
Q

nuclease digestion in the pancreas

A

DNAase and RNAase

dna and rna to nucleotides

133
Q

Digestion in the oral cavity

A

Mechanical: Mastication

Chemical: Ptylin (30%)
Starch —ptylin—> maltose + alpha dextrin
*ptylin digests only ripe/cooked starch

134
Q

Peristalsis

A

Progression of coordinated contraction of involuntary circular muscles

135
Q

Curdling of milk

A

casein (milk) ——rennin——> Ca-paracasinate

136
Q

Rennin is active in adult or child

A

Rennin is active in a child and inactive in adults

137
Q

digestion in the stomach

A
  1. rennin in childhood stage
  2. pepsin: endopeptidase
    pepsinogen—HCl—> pepsin
    Proteins —pepsin—> Peptones, proteoses, peptides
  3. gastric lipase: 1% of fats
    triglyceride—> mono + 2FA

*chyme is fed into the intestine in instalments

138
Q

Enterocytes

A

The cells that line the surface of villi

139
Q

Goblet cells

A

cells present on the surface of mucus in small intestine

140
Q

succus entericus disaccharide enzymatic actions

A

alpha dextrinase:
alpha dextrin—>glucose + glucose

maltase:
maltose—>glucose + glucose

lactase:
lactose—>glucose + galactose

sucrase:
sucrose—>glucose + fructose

141
Q

succus entericus peptidase

A

aminopeptidase:
long peptide—>amino acids

dipeptidase:
loigopeptide—>dipeptide—> amino acid

142
Q

fat digestion, nucleotide, nucleoside in small intestine

A

intestinal lipase:
fat—> glycerol + FA

nucleotidase:
nucleotides—>nucleosides + phosphate

nucleosidase:
nucleoside—> pentose + nitrogen bases

143
Q

digestion in the large intestine

A

no digestion

  1. absorption Of some water,minerals and certain drugs
  2. secreted mucus to adhere undigested materials
  3. E.coli lives here
144
Q

is there any absorption in the buccal cavity?

A

No absorption of digested food but some drugs

145
Q

is there any absorption in the stomach?

A

Yes, water salts alcohol and glucose and a few drugs like aspirin

146
Q

What is the unit of absorption?

A

Villus

147
Q

Which fatty acid is transported by the lymph vessels?

A

Long chain fatty acid

148
Q

Blood does not carry which substance?

A

Long chain fatty acid

149
Q

Where is digestion completed?

A

Disgestion is completed on the small intestine

150
Q

Protein energy malnutrition

A
  1. Kawashiorkar -protein def, oedema

2. Marasmus -protein and calorie def, no oedema

151
Q

muscular folds of inner wall of stomach are called

A

rugae

Human Physiology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions