Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Digestion, Absorption > Flashcards

Digestion, Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

How are insects adapted to respire.

A

Waterproof exoskeleton- rigid for protection and covered in wax to prevent insects drying out.

They have a network of tubes that carry air directly to the cells.

At the ends of the tracheoles, oxygen diffuse directly into the cells, and carbon dioxide diffuses out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

High Surface area to volume ratio definition.

A

Every part of an object is close to the edge. - mouse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do fish maintain water flow over gills?

A
  1. Mouth opens and floor of mouth cavity lowers so the cavity expands.
  2. Water enters mouth due to decrease in pressure.
  3. Opercular cavity expands.
  4. Lower pressure causes water to flow over gills.
  5. Mouth closes and mouth cavity contracts.
  6. This raises pressure forcing water over gills.
  7. opercular cavity contracts.
  8. This increases pressure and forces water through operculum.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is countercurrent flow in fish.

A

The flow of water over the gill lamellae and flow of blood inside them go in opposite directions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do gill filaments with numerous folds of lamellae enable efficient oxygen uptake from water?

A

High surface area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do large number of capillaries enable efficient oxygen uptake from water?

A

Remover oxygen and maintains a concentration gradient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do thin lamellae walls enable efficient oxygen uptake from water?

A

Short diffusion pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do pressure changes enable efficient oxygen uptake from water?

A

Bring in more water and maintains a concentration gradient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do countercurrent flow enable efficient oxygen uptake from water?

A

Gas exchange takes place along the whole length.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Waxy cuticle job

A

Covers the upper epidermis, forming a waterproof cover.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Spongy mesophyll layer job

A

Loosely packed with large intercellular air spaces where gasses can collect and mix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Guard cells job

A

Close the stomata to reduce water loss and open the stomata in the day.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Xylem cells job

A

Allows water to diffuse down its concentration gradient from the xylem vessels and mesophyll cells into the air spaces in the leaves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

5 features of a xerophyte

A 
Lower epidermis 
Curled leaf 
Sunken stomata 
Upper epidermis with the waxy cuticle 
Epidermal hairs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Rolled up leaves feature

A

Protects the stomata from air- no gradient or water loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do hairy leaves do?

A

Traps moist air next to the leaf to reduce water loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sunken stomata job

A

Traps moist air next to the leaf to reduce water loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is gas exchanged in a single-called organism?

A

The oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is removed by diffusion, across their body.

19
Q

How is gas exchange in insects?

A

They have a internal network of tracheae which divide into tubes called tracheoles.

Oxygen is brought directly to the respiring tissue as there is a sort diffusion distance from the tracheole to any body cell.

Gases enter and leave tracheae through spiracles on the body surface.

Gases ENTER and LEAVE the insects body via the SPIRACLES.

Gases travel through the TRACHEAE and tracheoles and from the body cells.

20
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air normally taken in at each breath.

21
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Total volume of air that is moved into the lungs during 1 minute.

22
Q

Breathing rate

A

Number of breathes taken in one minute.

23
Q

Pulmonary ventilation rate calculation

A

Tidal volume x ventilation rate

24
Q

Pathway of air in and out of lungs

A 
Mouth and nose 
Trachea 
Bronchi 
Bronchioles 
Alveoli
Capillary’s
25
Q

How does a large surface area increase the rate of exchange?

A

More overall distance/ surface area for the gasses to diffuse across.

26
Q

How does a thin surface increase the rate of exchange?

A

Decreases the diffusion distance- more molecules can cross the surface per unit time.

27
Q

How does a steep diffusion gradient increase the rebate of exchange?

A

The movement of air by ventilation and the blood maintains a steep concentration.

28
Q

What does the mouth digest?

A

Carbohydrates

Starch-> maltose

Amylase- mineral salts in saliva

29
Q

What does the stomach digest?

A

Proteins

Proteins-> amino acids

Pepsin- created by HCL

30
Q

What does the small intestine digest?

A

Protein-> polypeptides(tripsin)

Polypeptides-> amino acids

Lipids-> fatty acids + monoglycerides (lipase)

Maltose-> glucose (maltase)

Lactose-> galactose + glucose (lactose)

Sucrose-> glucose+ fructose (sucrase)

31
Q

What does the pancreas digest or do?

A

Secretes enzymes

32
Q

What does the liver do and digest?

A

Produces bile salts for emulsification of lipids.

33
Q

Digestion definition

A

Large biological molecules are hydrolysed to smaller molecules that can be absorbed across cell membranes.

34
Q

How many polypeptide chains is haemoglobin made up of?

A

4

35
Q

What ion does a haem group contain?

A

Fe2+ (which binds to one oxygen molecule)

36
Q

How many O2 molecules can one haemoglobin molecule bind to?

A

4

37
Q

Equation for how oxygen and haemoglobin combine.

A

Oxygen+haemoglobin oxyhemoglobin

38
Q

What I the partial pressure of O2?

A

A measure of the concentration of oxygen present in the tissues.

39
Q

What is association?

A

When oxygen is taken up by haemoglobin.

40
Q

What is dissociation?

A

When oxygen is released by haemoglobin.

41
Q

What is affinity?

A

How well the oxygen is bound to haemoglobin.

42
Q

What is percentage saturation?

A

The amount of oxygen combined with the haemoglobin.

43
Q

Explain the loading of oxygen at the lungs.

A
  • High partial pressure of oxygen
  • haemoglobin has high affinity for oxygen

• haemoglobin becomes saturated with oxygen

44
Q

Explain the unloading of oxygen at respiring tissues.

A
  • low partial pressure of oxygen
  • haemoglobin has low affinity for oxygen
  • haemoglobin becomes less saturated with oxygen

Biology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions