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Phys ENT/GI > Digestion and Absorption > Flashcards

Digestion and Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

Water is secreted into the digestive tract by what 5 things?

A

salivary glands, gastric glands, intestinal glands, pancreas and liver

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2
Q

Water is absorbed by the ___ and ___

A

small and large intestine

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3
Q

The lamina propria of the digestive tract is ____ with ____ inside

A

areolar tissue; nerves, blood, and lymphatic vessels

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4
Q

In the small intestine there are foldings of the epithelium of the mucosa called ____

A

villi

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5
Q

Within each villus there are what 2 things?

A

lacteals and blood capillaries

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6
Q

The submucosa in the digestive tract is ____ with ____, ____, and ____

A

areolar tissue; nerves, blood, and lympathic vessels

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7
Q

The muscularis externa has both ___ and ___ smooth muscle

A

circular and longitudinal

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8
Q

The enteric nervous system short reflex involves:

A

internal/GI stimuli directly to the response

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9
Q

The enteric nervous system long reflex involves:

A

internal stimuli to chemo/mechanoreceptors, external stimuli, CNS, motor neurons, effectors, to response

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10
Q

The serosa of the digestive tract is ____ which secretes ____

A

visceral peritoneum; peritoneal fluid

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11
Q

Monosaccharides include what 3:

A

glucose, fructose, and galactose

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12
Q

Disaccharides include what 3:

A

lactose, sucrose, and maltose

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13
Q

What is lactose?

A

glucose + galactose

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14
Q

What is sucrose?

A

glucose + fructose

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15
Q

What is maltose?

A

glucose + glucose

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16
Q

Polysaccharides include what 3:

A

starch, cellulose, and glycogen

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17
Q

____ grains have less energy and more nutrient

A

whole

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18
Q

____ grains have more energy and less nutrient

A

refined

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19
Q

digestion of starch beings in the mouth by ____ secreted by the salivary glands

A

salivary amylase

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20
Q

Salivary amylase is ____ in the stomach by the acidity of the gastric juice

A

inactivated

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21
Q

The main digestion of starch takes place in the ___ by ____

A

duodenum by pancreatic amylase

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22
Q

hydrolytic enzymes are secreted by the ____

A

pancreas

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23
Q

Di, tri, and oligo saccharides are hydrolyzed into monosaccharides by enzymes within the ____

A

plasma membrane of the microvilli of the brush border

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24
Q

fructose is transported by ____ into epithelial cells through ____ proteins in the apical plasma membrane

A

facilitated diffusion; GLUT

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25
Q

Fructose is transported by _____ out of epithelial cells through ___ proteins in the basolateral plasma membrane and then transported to blood by diffusion through capillaries

A

facilitated diffusion; GLUT

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26
Q

Glucose and galactose is transported by _____into epithelial cells inn the apical plasma membrane by ____ proteins

A

secondary active transport; SGUT

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27
Q

There are sodium/potassium pumps and potassium leak channels in the ____ membranes

A

basolateral

28
Q

glucose and galactose are transported by ____ out of epithelial cells through ____ proteins in the basolateral plasma membranes and then into blood by diffusion through capillary pores

A

facilitated diffusion; GLUT

29
Q

a complete protein contains what?

A

all 9 essential amino acids

30
Q

How do you get nonessential amino acids?

A

synthesized in the body

31
Q

Protein digestion begins in the ____ where ___ denatures proteins and activates ____

A

stomach; HCl; pepsinogen

32
Q

____ digests proteins into short peptides

A

pepsin

33
Q

Protein digestion in the small intestine with peptidase enzymes secreted by the ____

A

pancreas

34
Q

___ break peptide bonds to form short peptides–includes trypsin and chymotrypsin

A

endopeptidases

35
Q

____ break peptide bonds to form free amino acids–includes carboxypeptidase

A

exopeptidases

36
Q

short peptides are digested by exopeptidases with the brush border of the epithelial cells–called ___

A

aminopeptidase

37
Q

amino acids are transported by _____ with sodium ions into the intestinal epithelial cells

A

secondary active transport

38
Q

dipeptides and tripeptides are cotransported with ____ into the intestinal epithelial cells

A

hydrogen ions

39
Q

Within the cytoplasm of the intestinal epithelial cells dipeptides and tripeptides are hydrolyzed into ____

A

amino acids

40
Q

Free amino acids are transported by _____ out of the cell by ____ in the basolateral plasma membrane and then they diffuse into the blood through capillary pores

A

facilitated diffusion; amino acid transporters

41
Q

A triglyceride is made up of what?

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

42
Q

fatty acids that have single covalent bonds b/n carbon atoms and the maximum number of hydrogen atoms are called ____ fats

A

saturated

43
Q

fatty acids that have one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms are called ____ fats

A

unsaturated

44
Q

___ form is when H atoms are on the same side of the double bond

A

cis

45
Q

___ form is when H atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond

A

trans

46
Q

Lipids are emulsified in the ____ by bile salts, which are produced from ____ in the liver

A

duodenum; cholestrol

47
Q

emulsification is not chemical digestion but is

A

breaking up a large fat droplet into smaller fat droplets to increase surface area for digestion

48
Q

____ and ____ prevent the small fat droplets from reaggregating

A

bile salts and phospholipids

49
Q

lipases from ___ and the ____ hydrolyze lipids into fatty acids and monoglycerides

A

saliva and pancreas

50
Q

lipases are ____-soluble; in order for lipase to asccess the lipids, ____ is secreted by the pancreas

A

colipase

51
Q

a ____ consists of bile salts, fatty acids, monoglycerides, phospholipids, cholestrol, and fat-soluble vitamins

A

micelle

52
Q

lipids in solution are in ___ with micelles; they can diffuse across luminal plasma membrane in epithelial cells; as lipids diffuse more lipids are released from the micelles into solution in order to maintain

A

equilibrium

53
Q

____ ____ enzymes can breakdown triglycerides and diglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides; the fatty acids and monoglycerides that diffuse into the intestinal epithelial cells are then what?

A

brush border; resynthesized into triglycerides covered in proteins in the smooth ER

54
Q

as triglycerides are formed, the concentration of fatty acids and monoglycerides in the cytosol is lowered so what can happen?

A

more fatty acids and monoglycerides can be brought into the cell

55
Q

vesicles pinch off of the smooth ER and release ____ by exocytosis

A

chylomicrons

56
Q

chylomicrons move into ____ which are more permeable than the blood capillaries, the lymph with chylomicrons drains into the venous system at the left venous angle

A

lacteals

57
Q

essential vitamins cannot be produced in the body…these include what 9

A

C, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, K1, and E

58
Q

these vitamins are synthesized by bacteria in the colon:

A

B7, B12, and K2

59
Q

Provitamins can be modified in the body to form a vitamin–beta carotene and carotenoids will become ____ and provitamin K1 can be convereted to ___

A

Vitamin A; K2

60
Q

How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

incorporated into micelles and then diffuse into epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa

61
Q

How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

either by active or passive transport into epithelial cells

62
Q

How is B12 absorbed?

A

attaches to intrinsic factor from parietal cells and absorbed by receptor-mediated endocytosis

63
Q

What are minerals?

A

necessary inorganic molecules

64
Q

How is sodium absorbed?

A

contransported with monosaccharides and amino acids

65
Q

How is potassium absorbed?

A

facilitated diffusion (with water)

66
Q

How are other minerals absorbed?

A

actively transported

Phys ENT/GI (4 decks)

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