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Biology GCSE AQA: Organisation > Digestion and Enyzmes > Flashcards

Digestion and Enyzmes Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms.

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of cells with a similar structure and function

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3
Q

What is an organ?

A

Organs are aggregations (group) of tissues performing specific functions.`

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4
Q

What is an Organ System?

A

Organs are organised into organ systems to perform a specific function

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5
Q

What is an Organism?

A

A group of organ systems working together

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6
Q

Give three examples of a cell.

A

any of : egg cell, nerve, root hair, epithelial, palisade, sperm, red blood cell

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7
Q

Give three examples of a tissue.

A

any of: muscle, blood, xylem, phloem

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8
Q

Give three examples of an organ.

A

any of: heart, stomach, leaf, flower, liver, lung

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9
Q

Give three examples of an organ system.

A

any of: digestive system, respiratory, root, shoot, circulatory

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10
Q

Give three examples of an organism.

A

any of: human, frog, dog, oak tree, orchid, snake

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11
Q

What is digestion?

A

It is a process where large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules to be absorbed into the blood.

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12
Q

What is the function of the mouth in digestion?

A

The beginning of the digestive system. Where food is broken apart and mixed with saliva that contains enzymes

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13
Q

What type of digestion happens in the mouth?

A

mechanical digestion

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14
Q

What is the function of oesophagus in digestion?

A

This is a thin tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

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15
Q

What is the function of the stomach in digestion?

A

To mix the food with hydrochloric acid. It mixes it up and churns the food with it’s muscles.

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16
Q

What is the function of Liver in digestion?

A

It makes a chemical called bile

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17
Q

What does bile do?

A
  • It breaks down lipids.
  • neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach
  • emulsifies fat
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18
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fats

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19
Q

What is the function of the small intestines

A

to absorb soluble molecules into the blood stream

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20
Q

What is the function of the large intestines?

A

to absorb water from undigested foods

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21
Q

What is the function of the Rectum?

A

to store faeces (undigested food)

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22
Q

What is the function of the anus?

A

to excrete the faeces

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23
Q

What does the hydrochloric acid do in digestion?

A

it kills bacteria and provides the optimum pH for the protease enzyme to work

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24
Q

What is the function of digestive enzymes?

A

to convert food into small soluble molecules which can be absorbed into the bloodstream

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25
Q

What do Carbohydrases do?

A

break down carbohydrates to simple sugars

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26
Q

What is amylase?

A

a carbohydrase which breaks down starch

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27
Q

What is the function of proteases?

A

to break down proteins to amino acids

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28
Q

What is the function of Lipases?

A

to break down lipids (fats) to glycerol and fatty acids

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29
Q

What is the name of the food test for simple carbohydrates (sugars)?

A

Benedict’s test

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30
Q

What is the colour change in the Benedict’s test?

A

from blue to green, orange or Brick red

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31
Q

What does green mean in Benedict’s test?

A

low levels of sugar

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32
Q

What does Orange mean in Benedict’s test?

A

moderate levels of sugar

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33
Q

What does brick red mean in Benedict’s test?

A

High levels of sugar

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34
Q

What is the name of the food test for complex carbohydrates (starch) ?

A

Iodine test

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35
Q

What is the colour change in the iodine test?

A

Turns from a orange/brown colour to a blue/black colour

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36
Q

What is the name of the food test for Proteins?

A

Biuret test

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37
Q

What is the colour change in the biuret test?

A

From blue to a lilac/purple colour

38
Q

What is the name of the food test for Fats?

A

Ethanol and Water test

39
Q

What is the colour change in the ethanol and water test?

A

From transparent to a cloudy/milky emulsion

40
Q

What is the fastest food type to digest

A

carbohydrates

41
Q

What happens to excess carbohydrates

A

They are stored as fats, which can make you gain weight.

42
Q

what are 2 food examples of simple carbohydrates?

A

sweets ,biscuits, cake

43
Q

what are 2 food examples of complex carbohydrates?

A

Bread, pasta, rice, potatoes

44
Q

What are 2 food examples of proteins?

A

chicken, fish, eggs, nuts, beans

45
Q

What are 2 food examples of fats?

A

butter, oil, fish, avocado

46
Q

What are amino acids bonded by?

A

peptides

47
Q

what are fats made up of?

A

triglycerides - one glycerol and 3 fatty acids

48
Q

What are triglycerides held together by?

A

ester bonds

49
Q

what type of bonds are carbohydrates bonded by?

A

glycosidic bonds

50
Q

when an enzyme is involved it is called…

A

chemical digestion

51
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

a biological catalyst that breaks down large chain molecules into small chains or individual molecules

52
Q

what is something that speeds up a chemical reaction called.

A

a catalyst

53
Q

True or False
enzymes change/become used up in a reaction

A

False, enzymes remain the same

54
Q

what do enzymes break down?

A

substrates

55
Q

What is a substrate?

A

a food molecule

56
Q

Where does the reaction take place in an enzyme?

A

active site

57
Q

how does the substrate enter the enzyme?

A

using the lock and key model

58
Q

what is the lock and key model?

A

the substrate must be complementary to the active site

59
Q

what are the products that leave the enzyme?

A

small chains of food molecules

60
Q

What do enzymes lower?

A

the activation energy

61
Q

What happens in digestion as the temperature rises?

A

the rate of reaction increases

62
Q

What happens when the temperature reaches the optimum temperature for the enzymes?

A

the rate of reaction is at it’s peak.

63
Q

What happens when the temperature goes past the optimum temperature?

A

the rate of reaction slows down because the enzymes denature

64
Q

what happens when an enzyme denatures?

A

It’s active site changes shape meaning no substrate can attach onto it and digest.

65
Q

What is the collision theory?

A

That particles must bounce of each other in order to react with each other.

66
Q

How does the collision theory apply to digestion?

A

because an enzyme and substrate must meet to form an enzyme- substrate complex to form products.

67
Q

What happens when the pH is too acidic?

A

The enzyme cannot work well and the rate of reaction is slower

68
Q

what happens when the pH is above the optimum pH level for enzyme action?

A

the enzymes denature and rate of reaction decreases.

69
Q

What are the small intestines filled with?

A

villi

70
Q

What are the cells on the villi?

A

microvilli

71
Q

What does having the microvilli do?

A

increase the total surface area

72
Q

What does increasing the surface area of villi do?

A

increase the volume of substances which are absorbed by diffusion

73
Q

Villi have a very good ____ supply.

A

blood

74
Q

what does each villi contain?

A

a capillary

74
Q

where does the capillary lead to?

A

the main blood supply

75
Q

how does the adaption of the capillary effect the villi?

A

allows substances to go straight to the bloodstream

76
Q

what is an adaption the villi have to do with their walls?

A

they are one cell thick

77
Q

what does the adaption of the one cell wall thick cell do?

A

it makes a shorter distance allowing substances to diffuse faster

78
Q

Where is bile made?

A

liver

79
Q

what happens in the gall bladder?

A

bile is stored

80
Q

what does bile do in the stomach?

A

it neutralises the acid, so it becomes more alkaline in the small intestines

81
Q

why do lipases work best in the small intestines?

A

because conditions are more alkaline

82
Q

What does bile do to fat molecules?

A

emulsified into fat droplets

83
Q

what do the fat droplets allow?

A

for a bigger surface area for lipases to break down.

84
Q

What are carbohydrates used for?

A

as an energy source in respiration

85
Q

What are proteins used for?

A

growth, repair, enzymes, antibodies and hormones

86
Q

What are lipids used for?

A

cell membranes, hormones and nervous system

87
Q

where is protease made?

A

stomach, pancreas and small intestine

88
Q

where are lipase made?

A

pancreas and small intestine

89
Q

Where is amylase made?

A

salivary gland and small intestines and pancreas

90
Q

why do different enzymes have different optimum pH’s?

A

because they are from different parts of the digestion system

Biology GCSE AQA: Organisation (5 decks)

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