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Anatomy Exam III > digestive 1 > Flashcards

digestive 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the essential functions of the digestive system?

A

takes food in, breaks it down into nutrient molecules in the bloodstream, and removes undigested remains.

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2
Q

Alimentary Canal/GI Tract

A

a long, muscular tube that brings food from mouth to anus.

It digests food, breaks up the food into smaller pieces, and then absorbs the pieces from the blood.

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3
Q

Alimentary Canal Organs

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, SI, LI, anus

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4
Q

accessory digestive organs/glands

A

teeth, tongue, gallbladder digestive glands

salivary glands, liver, pancreas

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5
Q

What major processes occur during digestive system activity?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Mechnical breakdown
  4. Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
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6
Q

What happens at ingestion?

A

eating, taking food into the digestive tract

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7
Q

What happens in propulsion?

A

moving food along the digestive tract through swallowing and peristalsis
rhythmic waves of smooth muscle contraction- propelling food through the GI tract

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8
Q

What happens in mechanical breakdown?

A

physically chewing food, mixing food with saliva and segmentation local constrictions of SI to mix food with digestive juices

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9
Q

What happens during digestion?

A

catabolic steps where enzymes break complex food molecules into their chemical building blocks.

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10
Q

What happens during absorption?

A

Passage of digested fragments from the lumen of GI tract into blood/lymph.

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11
Q

What happens at defecation?

A

The elimination of indigestable substances through anus via feces.

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12
Q

peritoneum

A

membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity

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13
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

covers the outer surface of most organs in the digestive system

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14
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

lines the inner walls of the abdominal cavity

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15
Q

Mesentry

A

double-walled peritonium that stores fat and holds organs in place. it also provides a route for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves.

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16
Q

Peritonial cavity

A

the space between two peritonium with fluid that lubricates mobile organs

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17
Q

Peritoneal organs

A

organs located within the peritonial cavity

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18
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

located outside/ posterior to the peritonial cavity

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19
Q

Peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum.

Causes: perforated ulcers, ruptured appendix, and abdominal wounds

Treatment: high dose antibiotics, removing as much debris as possible.

The peritoneal coverings can stick together around the infection site. If it spreads within the peritoneal cavity, it can be dangerous and lethal.

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20
Q

what are the 4 tunicas of the alimentary canal?

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

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21
Q

mucosa

A

makes mucous, digestive enzymes, and hormones.
absorbs end products of digestion
fight against infection
allows food to pass easy

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22
Q

3 sublayers of mucosa

A

epithelium- simple columnar, mucus-secreting cells. this mucus protects organs from being digested by enzymes

lamina propia- fight against microbes, loose areolar

muscularis mucosae- thin layer of smooth muscle tissue

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23
Q

Submucosa

A

areolar CT
abundant elastic fibers to maintain shape after big meal

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24
Q

Muscularis externa

A

responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle cells

in places along the tract circular layer thickens, forming sphincters. valves controlling food passage from organs and preventing backflow.

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25
Q

Serosa

A

same as visceral peritonium
areolar CT w/mesothelium
replaced by fibrous adventitia in esophagus

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26
Q

Splanchic circulation

A

arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta to serve the digestive organs and hepatic portal circulation.

27
Q

what do branches of the celiac trunk supply?

A

the spleen, liver, and stomach

28
Q

What do mesenteric arteries supply?

A

the SI and LI

29
Q

what does hepatic portal circulation do?

A

brings nutrient rich blood from digestion to liver

30
Q

What is the GI tracts personal NS called?

A

entersic nervous system

31
Q

How is digestive activity provokes?

A

mechanical and chemical signals

32
Q

What do receptors in the wall of the GI tract respond to?

A

change in osmolarity, pH, presence of substrate/ product of digestive end

33
Q

Intrinsic controls

A

short reflexes like peristalsis and segmentation (mediated by ENS)

34
Q

Extrinsic controls

A

long reflexes- inhibiting or enhancing digestive activity (mediated by ANS)

35
Q

What type of epithelium is the mouth?

A

stratified squamous

36
Q

What is the function of the tongue?

A

grips, repositions, and mixes food
forms a food bolus (food+saliva)
initiates swallowing, speech, taste

37
Q

Compare and contrast intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Intrinsic muscles change the shape of the tongue. Extrinsic muscles alter the tongue’s position.

38
Q

Filliform papillae

A

make the tongue appear white

39
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

make the tongue appear red

40
Q

What is the function of saliva?

A

clean the mouth
dissolve food chemicals for taste
moisten food, creating a bolus
begin breakdown of starch with enzyme salivary amylase

41
Q

What is the composition of saliva?

A

mostly water, slightly acidic
electrolytes, salivary amylase, mucin, lysozyme, urea,IgA antibodies, and defensins.

42
Q

What are the major extrinsic salivary glands?

A

Parotid: anterior to ear
Submandibular: medial to body of mandible
Sublingual: anterior to submandibular

43
Q

Mumps

A

inflammation of the parotid glands caused by mumps virus (myxovirus)

former commenly in children, now controlled by vaccines

travels by saliva

Symptoms: pain in mouth opening/chewing, moderate fevers, pain with acidic foods.

44
Q

Xerostomia

A

too little saliva, dry mouth

normal salivary function is essential for oral health

lack of moisture causes for difficulty chewing, swallowing, and increased oral infections

can be a symptom of certain medications, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, Srogren’s syndrome

45
Q

Mastication

A

the process of chewing- tearing, grinding food into smaller fragments

46
Q

How many baby teeth? How many permanent teeth?

A

20 deciduous (milk/baby) teeth - 6-24 months

32 permanent

47
Q

Incisors

A

chiseled shape for cutting

48
Q

Canine

A

fang like for tearing, piercing

49
Q

Premolars (bicuspids)

A

broad crowns with rounded cusps, used to grind/crush

50
Q

Molars

A

broad crowns with rounded cusps best for grinding

51
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

allows for the passage of food, fluids, and air

52
Q

How do foods and fluids pass?

A

from the oropharynx to the laryngopharynx

53
Q
A
54
Q

What tissue is the pharynx lined with?

A

stratified squamous

55
Q

esophagus

A

a flat muscular tube that runs from the laryngopharynx to the stomach, collapses when not in use

56
Q

At what point does the esophagus pierce through the diaphragm?

A

the esophageal hiatus

57
Q

At what point does the esophagus join the stomach?

A

the cardial orifice

58
Q

What does the gastroesophageal/cardic sphinctor do?

A

surrounds the cardial orifice. mucus cells on both sides of sphinctor help protect esophagus from acid reflux.

59
Q

Heartburn

A

burning, radiating substernal pain, mimics MI pain

Cause: regurgitation of stomach acid into the esophagus

First symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is increased risk with excessive intake of food/drink, obesity, pregnancy, running

frequent episodes -> esophagitis, esophageal ulcers

60
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

Structural abnormality caused by abnormal weakening of the gastroesophageal sphinctor

Superior portion of the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm.

61
Q

Deglutination

A

swallowing

62
Q

What 2 phases does successful swallowing need?

A

Buccal phase; voluntary contraction of tongue

Pharyngeal-esophageal phase; involuntary phase by vagus nerve, controlled in swallowing centers of medulla and lower pons, respiration is inhibited and undesired routes are blocked.

63
Q

Steps of human swallow

A
  1. Buccal phase: the upper esophageal spinchter is closed. The tongue presses against the hard palate, forcing food bolus into the oropharynx.
  2. Pharangyeal-esophageal phase: the tongue blocks the mouth, the soft palate and its uvula rise, closing the nasopharynx. The larynx rises so that the epiglottis blocks the trachea. The upper esophageal spinchter relaxes; food enters the esophagus.
  3. PE Phase continues; constrictor of pharynx contract, forcing food into the esophagus. The upper esophageal spinchtor contracts after food enters.
  4. peristalsis moves food through esophagus to stomach
  5. gastroesophageal spinchtor surrounding the cardial orifice opens. After food enters the stomach, the spinchtor closes, preventing regurgitation.

Anatomy Exam III (6 decks)

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