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Anatomy Exam III > Digestive 3 > Flashcards

Digestive 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

digestion and absorption

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2
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the SI?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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3
Q

What are the modification for the tunics in the SI?

A

Circular folds: permanent folds/bumbs to slow/alter flow of chyme

Villi: fingerlike projections of mucosa, core has a dense capillary bed and a lacteal

Microvilli: cytoplasmic extensions of each mucosal cell- give a fuzzy appearance called a brush border. brush border enzymes complete final carbohydrate and protein digestion.

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4
Q

Intestinal Crypts

A

tubular glands scattered between villi

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5
Q

What are the 5 main types of cells in the villi/crypts?

A

Enterocytes
Goblet cells
Enteroendocrine cells
Paneth cells
Stem cells

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6
Q

Enterocytes

A

make up the bulk of the epithelium
in the villi: absorb nutrients and electrolytes
in the crypts: produce intestinal juice

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Goblet Cells

A

secrete mucus in the villi and crypts

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8
Q

Enteroendocrine

A

source of enterogasterones: hormones that inhibit secretions

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9
Q

Paneth cells

A

secretory cells found deep in the crypts-secrete antimicrobial agents

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10
Q

Stem cells

A

continuously divide to produce other cell types- epithelium is renewed every 2-4 days.

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11
Q

MALT

A

protects intestines from microorganisms

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12
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

aggregate lymphoid nodules, located in lamina propia.

found in greater numbers of IgA secreting plasma cells

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13
Q

Duodenal glands

A

secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize acidic chyme and prevent duodenal ulcers

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14
Q

How much intestinal juice do we make per day?

A

1-2L in response to irritation of mucosa

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15
Q

What is the production of intestinal juice stimulated by?

A

production of chyme

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16
Q

What is the buildup of intestinal juice?

A

slightly alkaline, isotonic with blood plasma, largely water and mucus from the duodenal glands and goblet cells

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17
Q

What enzymes does the SI digest?

A

Bile, bicarbonate ions, and digestive enzymes are imported from the liver and pancreas. Brush border enzymes bound to the plasma membranes of enterocytes perform final digestion.

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18
Q

How do we regulate the entry of chyme?

A

Chyme entering the duodenum is hypertonic. To avoid water loss from blood, chyme entry must be slow. Additionally, acidic chyme must be neutralized. It takes time for chyme to mix with bile and pancreatic juice.

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19
Q

What do the enterogastric reflex and enterogastrones prevent?

A

overfilling by controlling the movement of food into the duodenum

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20
Q

What happens after a meal in the SI?

A

segmentation; most common notion of SI.

initiated by intrinsic pacemaker cells
mixes/moves contents towards the ileocecal valve
intensity is altered by short or long reflexes + hormones

Parasympathetic: increases motility
Sympathetic: decreases motility

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21
Q

What happens between meals in the SI?

A

Peristalsis increases; initiated by the rise of the hormone motilin

muscular waves are initiated every 90-120 minutes, sweep slowly along the intestine, moving about 2 feet each

Each wave starts distal to the previous wave: Migrating Motor Complex

Meal remnants: food, debris, are moved to LI.

duodenum -> ileum 2hrs

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22
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

typically closed; relaxes to admit chyme into LI. closes to prevent regurgitation.

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23
Q

Gastroileal reflex

A

a long neural reflex triggered by stomach activity- force of segmentation is increased in the ileum and the ileocecal valve relaxes.

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24
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

increases motility and relaxes the ileocecal valve

25
Q

What is the function of the LI?

A

reabsorb most of the remaining water from indigestible food residue, temporarily store, absorb metabolites produced by resident bacteria, and eliminate residue from the body as feces.

26
Q

What are 3 unique features of the LI?

A

Tenia Coli- 3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in the muscularis

Haustra: pocketlike sacs caused by the muscular tone of the teniae coli

Epiploic Appendages: fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum

27
Q

Cecum

A

1st part of LI, continuous with ileum of SI.

28
Q

appendix

A

contains masses of lymphoid tissue
-part of malt
-storehouse for bacteria, capable of recolonizing gut when needed
-susceptible for blockages because of twisted shape

29
Q

Colon

A

has several regions, some retroperitoneal regions, but the sigmoid and transverse colon are peritoneal.

30
Q

Ascending colon

A

travels up the right side of the abdominal cavity
(Right side= R hepatic colic flexure)

31
Q

Transverse colon

A

travels across the abdominal cavity
-left colic splenic flexure

32
Q

Descending colon

A

travels down L side of abdominal cavity

33
Q

Sigmoid colon

A

S shaped portion that travels through the pelvis

34
Q

Rectum

A

3 rectal valves/ transverse folds

35
Q

Anal canal

A

opens to exterior well developed muscularis
has an internal and external sphinctor
internal - smooth muscle
external - skeletal muscle

36
Q

appendicitis

A

acute inflammation of the appendix

most common in adolescence

typically caused by a blockage (usually feces) that traps infectious bacteria into the lumen

The appendix squeezes and swells off venous drainage- this may lead to ischemia and necrosis. A ruptured appendix may spray feces containing bacteria throughout the abdomen (peritonitis

Symptoms: pain at mcburney’s point, loss of appetite, and nausea/emesis

Treatment: Antibiotics, appendectomy

37
Q

Compare Si and Li

A

Li has a thicker mucosa than the SI. it is made of simple columnar epithelium EXCEPT for stratified squamous in anal canal. No villi, folds, or digestive secretions.

38
Q

Anal Columns

A

mucosa of the anal canal hangs in long ridges/folds

39
Q

Anal sinuses

A

recesses between the anal columns: exude mucus when compressed by feces

40
Q

Hemerrhoids

A

dilated, inflamed venous varicosities

41
Q

How does bacteria enter our bacterial microbiota/flora?

A

the anus or SI

42
Q

What are the metabolic functions of the bacteria microbioma and flora?

A

Fermentation: bacteria ferments indigestible carbs and mucin. This results in short fatty acid chains for fuel.

Vitamin Synthesis; synthesize B complex vitamins and some of vitamin K needed for liver to produce clotting factors

43
Q

C-diff (clostridium difficile)

A

an anaerobic bacteria that many carry in intestines; most common cause of antibiotic resistant death

Can fluorish and cause inflammation of the colon when other bacteria are wiped out. Can lead to bowel perforations and sepsis. It is very hard to treat because it resists antibiotics.

Treatments; fecal transplants to replace healthy bacteria and supress C diff

44
Q

The kinds and proportions of our gut bacteria influence

A

our weight
susceptibility to diseases ; diabetes, atherosclerosis, fatty liver disease
allergies
moods/mental health

45
Q

How long does food remain in Li for?

A

12-24 hours

46
Q

What are the major funtions of digestive processes in the LI?

A

propulsion of feces to the anus

47
Q

Colectomy

A

removal of colon

48
Q

Colostomy

A

bringing the terminal colon through the abdominal wall

49
Q

Ileostomy

A

bringing the terminal ileum through the abdominal wall

50
Q

Compare contractions of LI to SI

A

Li - weak and sluggish compared to SI

51
Q

Haustral contractions

A

primary contractions of the colon, slow, segmenting movements primarily in the ascending colon and transverse. Haustra contract in response to irritation

52
Q

Gastrocolic reflex

A

intitiated by the presence of food in the stomach; causes mass movements; slow, powerful waves that are activated 3-4 times a day.

53
Q

What do the descending and sigmond colon act as?

A

storage reservoirs

54
Q

Diverticulosis

A

A low fiber diet can result in low residue volume and a narrowed colon- contractions become more powerful and increase pressure on colons walls.

55
Q

Diverticula

A

herniations of mucosa through colons walls

56
Q

Diverticulosis

A

presence of diverticula
most common in sigmoid colon
50% of people over 70

57
Q

Diverticulitis

A

inflammed diverticula- may rupture and leak into the peritoneal cavity. can be life threatening

58
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

A

functional gi disorder- not explained by anatomy or biochemical abnormalities. Recurrant abdominal pain, stool changes, bloating, flatulence, nausea, and depression.

Symptoms relieved by defecation

Stresss is a common factor

59
Q

Defecation

A

mass movements of feces to rectum
-initiates the spinal defecation reflex

parasympathetic signals stimulate contraction, and internal anal sphinctor relaxes

external sphinctor requires voluntary contraction
muscles of the rectum contract to expel feces- assisted by the vasalvalva maneuver

Fecal incontinence occurs when voluntary control of the external anal spinchtor is not yet learned or lost

60
Q

Diahhrea

A

watery, loose stools, LI does not have time to absorb remaining water.

Causes: irritation of the colon by bacteria, jostling of digestive viscera

Prolonged diahhrea may result in dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. (marathon runners)

61
Q

Constipation

A

food residue remains in the colon for extended periods of time; too much water is absorbed.

stool is hard, difficult to pass,

Causes: insufficient fiber/food in diet, inproper bowel habits, lack of exercise, laxative abuse

Anatomy Exam III (6 decks)

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