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anatomy exam 3 > digestive ii > Flashcards

digestive ii Flashcards

1
Q

what is the part of the stomach in-between the esophagus and the next segment

what is the top of the stomach

what is the largest region/ mixing bowl

what is the bottom of the stomach

what is the part that connects to the small intestine

A

cardia

fundus

body

antrum

pylorus

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2
Q

from superior to inferior, what are the 3 parts of the pylorus

A

pyloric canal

pylorus

pyloric sphincter

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3
Q

what is the sphincter that regulates chyme into the small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

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4
Q

what are the 3 layers of the stomach that allow it to churn from superficial to deep

A

longitudinal

circular

oblique

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5
Q

what are the wrinkles that allow for gastric expansion

A

rugae

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6
Q

what is the long curved part of the stomach? the short part?

A

greater curvature

lesser curvature

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7
Q

what is the bicarbonate base that neutralizes stomach acid

A

mucous coat

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8
Q

what are the 3 things that protect the stomach from acid and what do they do

A

mucous coat - neutralize stomach acid

epithelial tight junctions - prevent juice from seeping

epithelial cell replacement - every 3-6 days stem cells replace cells

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9
Q

what contains both pepsinogen and pepsin

A

gastric lumen

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10
Q

what is the pH in the

gastric lumen

mucous barrier

tight junctions

A

1.5

2

7

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11
Q

what is composed of water, acid, and pepsin

A

gastric juice

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12
Q

from superficial to deep, what are the 4 types of cells in a gastric gland

A

mucous neck cell

parietal cells

chief cell

g cell

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13
Q

from superficial to deep, what are the 3 types of cells in a pyloric gland

A

parietal cell

mucous cell

G cell

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14
Q

what do the mucous neck cells secrete

A

mucous bicarbonate barrier

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15
Q

what do parietal cells secrete (2)

which ^ helps absorb B12

THE OTHER, ____ enzymes, reduces dietary __ to unusable form, destroys ____

A

gastric acid and intrinsic factor

intrinsic factor

(gastric acid)
activates, iron, pathogens

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16
Q

what do chief cells secrete (2)

which is activated by HCL and what does it become

which digests a macromolecule and which one

A

pepsinogen
gastric lipase

pepsinogen
pepsin

gastric lipase
fats

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17
Q

what do g cells secrete

what does this do

A

gastrin

stimulates acid secretion

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18
Q

what cells are associated with secreting hormones

what type of cells secrete gherkin, somatostatin, gastrin, and serotonin

what type of cells secrete histamine

A

g cells

enteroendocrine cells

enterochromaffin cells

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19
Q

what produce a continual supply of new cells

A

stem cells

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20
Q

are there more pyloric or gastric glands

A

gastric

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21
Q

what acid is broken down into bicarbonate and H

what cell does this occur in

A

carbonic acid

parietal cells

22
Q

what aids in carbonic acid broken down into bicarbonate and H+

(how do you get HCl)

where do they combine

why dont they combine in parietal cells

A

from cytosol:

a H/ATPase pump that provides H

a chloride transporter

the gastric lumen

they would be destroyed

23
Q

in the stimulation of hydrochloric acid production:

neural~

what kind of nerve fibers are involved

what do they release

what receptors do they bind to

A

parasympathetic

ACh

M3

24
Q

in the stimulation of hydrochloric acid production:

hormonal ~

what produces these hormones

what do they secrete

what do they respond to (2)

A

g cells

gastrin

peptides and increased pH

25
Q

in the stimulation of hydrochloric acid production:

paracrine ~

what kicks off this process

what does this bind to
on what type of cell

what does this release

what does this boon to

A

gastrin

CCk2
enterochromaffin cell (ECL)

histamine

H2

26
Q

what is an acidic soupy mixture of semi digestied food

A

chyme

27
Q

in the cephalic phase of gastric acid secretion, what can kick this off

what % of gastric acid secretion does this phase account for

what nerve is crucial in this phase
(sympathetic or parasympathetic?)

what are the 2 ways that this phase starts gastric secretion

A

thought, sight, smell of food

20%

vagus

parasympathetic

direct: ACh
indirect: gastrin secretion

28
Q

what are the 2 things that the gastric phase of gastric juice secretion relies on

what % of secretion does this phase account for

when does this begin

A

increased pH of stomach contents
mechanical distension

50-60%

when food arrives in the stomach

29
Q

during mechanical dissension occurs, it activates 2 reflexes~

what is the short reflex mediated by
what is the long reflex mediated by

A

myenteric nerve plexus (muscles)
vagus and brainstem

30
Q

in the gastric phase, how does the presence of digested proteins relate to more gastric juice secretion

what kind of feedback loop is this considered

A

peptides being sensed from digested food are sensed and more gastrin is released

positive (accelerating protein digestion)

31
Q

in the gastric phase, what happens if the pH of the stomach drops below 2

A

protective mechanism

32
Q

what is the fine tuning phase that occurs with gastric juice production and the demands for more digestion

what % does this account for

after it enhances gastric secretion, what does it do

what slow secretion and motility

A

intestinal phase

5-10%

inhibit it

inhibitory signals

33
Q

in the ENDOCRINE intestinal phase:

when is secretin secreted
what secretes it

when is cholecystokinin secreted (from the small intestine)
what does this do

A

endocrine and nervous

decrease in pH
S cells in duodenum

arrival of lipids and proteins
suppress gastric activities

34
Q

in the NERVOUS intestinal phase:

what initiates the enterogastric reflex

reflex:

  1. duodenum fills with _____
  2. ____ receptors stimulated
  3. sensory nerve impulses travel to ____
  4. these nerve impulses inhibit ____ in stomach wall
A

dissension of the stomach

chyme
sensory
CNS
peristalsis

35
Q

accessory organ function~

gallbladder:

liver:

pancreas:

A

stores bile

secretes bile

secreted digestive enzymes

36
Q

what ion neutralizes stomach acid

A

bicarbonate

37
Q

what is the functional unit of liver cells
what shape are they
it is a central ____ surrounded by ______

what branch out from the major blood vessel

what are found at each vertex
what make up these ^

A

lobules
hexagons
vein, hepatocytes

small blood vessels

portal triad
bile duct, hepatic artery, portal vein

38
Q

what carries oxygenated blood to the liver

what carries deoxygenated blood to the liver
where does this come from^

what do these 2 vessels converge into

A

hepatic artery

portal vein

endothelial sinusoid

39
Q

what liver cells are~

the bile duct epithelia

macrophages

main cells

major storage for vitamin A
(what does this aid in)

regenerative cells

A

cholangiocyte

kupffner

hepatocytes

stellate cells
scar formation (fibrogenesis)

stem cells

40
Q

what macromolecule does bile play a part in

A

fat digestion

41
Q

what is bile produced by
where does it then go into

what does it then travel through to get to the bile duct

what is it modified by

what hormone allows it to be modified

what is then secreted that increase its volume and flow out of the liver

A

hepatocytes
bile canaliculi

canal of hering

choliagiocytes

secretin

bicarbonate and water

42
Q

what do the left and right hepatic duct converge into

what do the cystic duct ^ duct converge into

what does the pancreatic duct and ^ converge into

what sphincter controls ^, where bile and pancreatic secretions are released into the intestines

A

common hepatic duct

common bile duct

ampulla of vater

sphincter of odds

43
Q

to recap: what is the order from “top down” from the left and right hepatic duct to the sphincter of oddi

A

left and right hepatic duct

common hepatic duct

cystic duct

common bile duct

pancreatic duct

ampulla of vater

sphincter of oddi

44
Q

what does CCK contract in the hepatic system

what does it relax

A

bile duct

pancreatic duct

45
Q

what does the exocrine portion of the pancreas produce

what specific cells do this

what is this fluid rich in
what does it contain that digest all categories of food

what carries it to the duodenum

what hormone causes the secretion of this

A

exocrine

duct cells

bicarbonate
enzyme

pancreatic duct

secretin

46
Q

what cells in the pancreas secrete the enzyme rich component

what within these cells contain inactive enzymes

A

acinar cells

zymogen granules

47
Q

what does amylase mean

A

digests starch

48
Q

what is the master zymogen that needs to activated before any other zymogens in the pancreas can be present

what is this converted into

what does this digest

what is narcissistic about this zymogen

A

trypsinogen

trypsin

protein

it can activate more of its own activation

49
Q

what intestinal enzyme is responsible for the conversion of trypsinogen into trypsin

A

enteropeptidase

50
Q

when you see “try”, think:

A

protein

51
Q
A

anatomy exam 3 (8 decks)

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