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Anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is “absorption” in digestion?

A

The transfer of nutrients from the digestive tract to the blood

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2
Q

What is another name besides “excretion” for the elimination of solid wastes?

A

Egestion

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3
Q

What are three functions of the digestive system besides taking and breaking down food?

A

Aiding the immune system by production of lymphocytes and immune cells; production of hormones and neurotransmitters; and other secretions produced by the accessory glands

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4
Q

Name 3 accessory glands to the digestive system.

A

Salivary glands, pancreas, liver

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5
Q

What are the finger-like projections of the small intestine called?

A

Villi

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6
Q

What are the villi of the small intestine composed of?

A

Simple columnar epithelial

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7
Q

What are the four layers of the small intestine, from outermost to innermost?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscalaris, and serosa

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8
Q

What is another name for the layer of villi in the small intestine?

A

The brush border

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9
Q

Are salivary glands exocrine or endocrine?

A

Exocrine

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10
Q

What are the three major salivary glands?

A

Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

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11
Q

What is another name for mumps?

A

Infectious parotitis

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12
Q

What antibacterial agent does saliva contain?

A

Lysosome

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13
Q

What component of saliva breaks starch into disaccharides?

A

Salivary amylase

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14
Q

What is the specific disaccharide that salivary amylase breaks starch into?

A

Maltose

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15
Q

What is another name for salivary amylase?

A

Ptyalin

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16
Q

An enzyme name is denoted by what ending?

A

-ase

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17
Q

A sugar is denoted by what ending?

A

-ose

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18
Q

What is the ‘substrate’ in a chemical reaction?

A

The substance that is acted upon

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19
Q

What are the four main organic chemicals?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

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20
Q

Carbohydrates are polymers of what more basic component?

A

Monosaccharides

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21
Q

Proteins are polymers of what more basic components?

A

Amino acids

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22
Q

What is the pH of the oral cavity?

A

Neutral or slightly alkaline

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23
Q

Where does digestion mostly take place?

A

In the small intestine

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24
Q

What two parts of the digestive system are separated by a sphincter?

A

The esophagus and stomach and the stomach and small intestine

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25
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches located and what do they release?

A

They are located in the small intestine and they release immunoglobulin

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26
Q

What is the cardia?

A

The upper opening of the stomach

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27
Q

What is the fundus?

A

The part of the stomach above the esophagus

28
Q

What is a “bolus”?

A

A semi-soft mass of partially digested food

29
Q

What is another name for “swallowing”?

A

Deglutition

30
Q

What does the bolus pass thru at the end of the esophagus?

A

The lower esophageal sphincter

31
Q

What happens to food in the stomach?

A

It is churned and mixed, and mixed with gastric juice

32
Q

What are the four components of gastric juice?

A

H2O, electrolytes, HCL (hydochloric acid), and intrinsic factor

33
Q

What components of gastric juice do parietal cells secrete?

A

Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

34
Q

Besides low Vit B12, pernicious anemia leads to low levels of what?

A

HCL

35
Q

What is a triglyceride composed of?

A

One glycerol and three fatty acids

36
Q

What are two types of carbohydrates?

A

Sugars and starches

37
Q

What substance converts pepsinogen to pepsin?

A

HCL

38
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

It breaks proteins down into peptides

39
Q

What is a protease?

A

An enzyme that breaks down proteins

40
Q

What does pepsin break proteins down into?

A

Peptones

41
Q

What is another name for milk protein?

A

Caseum

42
Q

What does rennin break milk protein down into?

A

Calcium paracaseinate and sugars

43
Q

What is required to activate rennin?

A

Calcium and hydrochloric acid

44
Q

What is chyme?

A

Partially digested food that passes from the stomach to the small intestine

45
Q

What is the sphincter between the stomach and small intestine called?

A

The pyloric sphincter

46
Q

What are the three components of the small intestine?

A

The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

47
Q

Where does the small intestine receive secretions from?

A

The pancreas, liver and gallbladder

48
Q

Which organ produces bile and which organ stores it?

A

The liver produces it and the gallbladder stores it

49
Q

What type of carbohydrates does the intestinal juice contain?

A

Disaccharides

50
Q

What enzyme acts on maltose? What are the products?

A

Maltase. The products are 2 glucose

51
Q

What is produced when sucrase breaks down sucrose?

A

1 glucose and 1 fructose

52
Q

What is produced when lactase breaks down lactose?

A

1 glucose and 1 galactose

53
Q

What is the ampulla of vater?

A

The point at which the pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct (along the duodenum)

54
Q

What sphincter is at the ampulla of vater?

A

The sphincter of oddi

55
Q

What does it mean to say that the pancreas is a heterocrine?

A

It means that it has both endocrine and exocrine tissue

56
Q

What percent of pancreatic tissue is endocrine? Which part is this?

A

2% - the islets of Langerhan

57
Q

What do pancreatic alpha cells secrete?

A

Glucagon

58
Q

What do pancreatic beta cells secrete?

A

Insulin

59
Q

What do pancreatic delta cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin

60
Q

What is acinar tissue?

A

Exocrine pancreatic tissue that secretes pancreatic juices

61
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Breaks starches down into sugars

62
Q

What are the four main enzymes secreted in pancreatic juice?

A

NaHCO3, amylase, lipase, peptidase

63
Q

What is emulsification?

A

The breaking down of large fat molecules into smaller fat molecules, performed by bile

64
Q

What does lipase break fat down into?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

65
Q

Elevated levels of which enzymes can indicate pancreatic inflammation?

A

Amylase and lipase

Anatomy (5 decks)

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