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Phys ENT/GI > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

_____ detect distension of the wall

A

mechanoreceptors

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2
Q

___ detect the composition of what is within the GI tract

A

chemoreceptors

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3
Q

neural regulation of the digestive system includes both the ___ and ____

A

enteric NS and CNS

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4
Q

the enteric NS includes the ____ and ___ plexuses

A

myenteric and submucosal

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5
Q

The CNS includes the ___, ___, and ____

A

visceral/somatic sensory, autonomic motor, and somatic motor

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6
Q

The sympathetic stimulation in the digestive system is transmitted via the ___ and ___ nerves

A

thoracic and lumbar splanchnics

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7
Q

The parasympathetic stimulation in the digestive system is transmitted via the ___ nerve up to the splenic flexure and the ____ from the splenic flexure on

A

vagus; pelvic splanchnic

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8
Q

stimuli to the cephalic phase includes: 5

A

sight, smell, taste, and chewing of food, emotions

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9
Q

stimuli to the gastric phase includes: 4

A

distension, acidity, amino acids, and peptides

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10
Q

stimuli to the insteinal phase includes: 4

A

distension, acidity, osmolarity, and digestion products

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11
Q

mastication is both ____ via the somatic motor to skeletal muscles and _____ stimulated by the presence of food and reflex center activation within the medulla and pons

A

voluntary; rhythmic/reflexive

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12
Q

In the mouth, chemical digestion starts with salivary ____ and ____

A

amylase and lipase

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13
Q

in the teeth; hard, acellular substance including hydroxyapatite, proteins, and water

A

enamel

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14
Q

cells that deposit enamel and present only during development

A

ameloblasts

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15
Q

in the teeth; covers the dentin within the root includes cementoblasts, hydroxyapatite, proteins, and water

A

cementum

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16
Q

in the teeth; cellular odontoblasts; cell body doesn’t become entrapped and there are long, cytoplasmic extensions; hydroxyapetite, proteins, and water

A

dentin

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17
Q

in the teeth; connective tissue with odontoblasts, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

A

pulp

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18
Q

the _____ reflex occurs during swallowing and the gastric phase

A

vagovagal

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19
Q

what is the vagovagal reflex circuit?

A

afferent in vagus from esophagus and stomach to the dorsal vagal in the medulla oblongata to the efferent vagus to the stomach and intestines

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20
Q

when food is not present in the stomach, the stomach muscles are ____

A

contracted

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21
Q

when food is swallowed, there is a relaxation of the stomach mediated by the _____

A

vagovagal reflex

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22
Q

what is the main function of the stomach?

A

mix food with water, HCl, and pepsin to produce chyme

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23
Q

HCl and pepsin digest ___

A

proteins

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24
Q

Salivary amylase is ____ in the stomach

A

inactivated

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25
Q

Lipase activity begins in the ____

A

stomach

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26
Q

The _____ are the pacemaker cells located in the wall of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal

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27
Q

The cell membranes of the pacemaker cells undergo a rhythmic depolarization and repolarization—they have low-threshold ____ channels and they _____ threshold

A

calcium; are too small to reach

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28
Q

slow wave frequency in the stomach is

A

3/min

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29
Q

slow wave frequency in the small intestine is

A

9-12/min

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30
Q

slow wave frequency in the large intestine is

A

10-20/min

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31
Q

____ and/or _____ cause the low-threshold calcium channels in the GI tract to depolarize to threshold

A

excitatory NT and hormones

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32
Q

______ transmit APs to other smooth muscle cells

A

gap junctions

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33
Q

higher concentrations of _____ and/or ____ cause an increase in APs frequency and increase muscle tension for bigger contractions

A

excitatory NT and hormones

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34
Q

____ is smooth muscle contractions that mechanically break down food

A

segmentation

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35
Q

after most of a meal has been absorbed, segmentation contractions cease and ____ begin

A

peristaltic waves

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36
Q

_____ begin in lower portion of the stomach and travel about 2 feet and then the next wave starts slightly further from the beginning of the first and the wave eventually reaches the large intestine about 2 hours later

A

migrating myoelectrical complex

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37
Q

by the time the MMC reaches the end of the ileum, what happens?

A

a new wave begins in the stomach

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38
Q

The MMC pushes undigested material and bacteria into the large intestine to prevent what?

A

bacteria from remaining and multiplying in the small intestine

39
Q

The MMC is stimulated by an increase in intestinal hormone ____ secreted by M cells

A

motilin

40
Q

What are the M cells in the intestines?

A

specific intestinal enteroendocrine cells within the epithelium of the intestine

41
Q

mucous cells secrete ____

A

mucus

42
Q

parietal cells secrete ____ and ____

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

43
Q

chief cells secrete ____

A

pepsinogen

44
Q

Enteroendocrine cells secrete ____

A

gastrin

45
Q

Where are the enteroendocrine cells located?

A

antrum of the stomach

46
Q

Enterochromaffin-like cells secrete ___ and ___

A

histamine and serotonin

47
Q

Delta cells secrete ____

A

somatostatin

48
Q

The factors that stimulate and inhibit HCl secretion also act on the ____ to regulation pepsinogen secretion

A

chief cells

49
Q

Conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin is autocatalytic…how

A

once there is production of pepsin, pepsin can catalyze the conversion of more pepsinogen to pepsin

50
Q

When is serotonin secreted?

A

in response to food in the lumen of the digestive tract

51
Q

What does serotonin do?

A

increase the motility of the stomach and intestine

52
Q

Where are delta cells located? 3

A

stomach, intestines, and pancreas

53
Q

When is somatostatin released?

A

in response to acidity or sympathetic stimulation

54
Q

What does somatostatin do? 3

A

overall: decreases secretions in the stomach
1-inhibits exocrine secretions by preventing the release of gastrin and histamine
2-inhibits exocrine secretion of the pancreas and liver
3-decreases blood flow to the intestines, which decreases absorption

55
Q

In HCl secretion by the parietal cells, what is located in the luminal plasma membrane?

A

H/K ATPases and K and Cl leak channels

56
Q

In HCl secretion by the parietal cells, what is located within the cell?

A

carbonic anhydrase

57
Q

In HCl secretion by the parietal cells, what is located in the basolateral membrane?

A

HCO3/Cl exchanger

58
Q

What is the function of the acidity of the gastric juice? 2

A

denatures proteins and activates pepsinogen

59
Q

What does the mucus in the gastric epithelial cells contain?

A

bicarbonate

60
Q

taste, smell or thought of food, or distension of the stomach cause stimulation of the _____ in the medulla oblongata

A

parasympathetic neurons

61
Q

Parasympathetic neurons travel through vagus nerves to stomach and stimulate the release of ___ and ___ into the blood; the enteroendocrine cells secrete the ____ and the enterochromaffin-like cells secrete the ____

A

gastrin and histamine; gastrin; histamine

62
Q

Gastrin and histamine travel through blood back to the stomach and intestine and stimulate what 2 things?

A

1-increase in secretion of HCl and pepsinogen

2-increase in motility of the stomach and intestine

63
Q

HCl and pepsinogen secretion is stimulated by what 3 things

A

1-acetylcholine from parasympathetic neurons
2- gastrin from enteroendocrine cells
3-histamine from enterochromaffin-like cells

64
Q

HCl secretion is inhibited by _____

A

somatostatin

65
Q

Before food is in the stomach, the H concentration is ____ and the rate of secretion is ____

A

high; low

66
Q

When food is in the stomach, the H concentration ____, ____ is removed, ____ HCl is secreted

A

decreases; negative feedback inhibition; more

67
Q

What increases HCl secretion in the stomach?

A

increased protein content

68
Q

When food enters the duodenum there are both ___ and ___ reflexes from the duodenum and enterogastrones

A

short and long

69
Q

Enterogastrones include ____ and ____ and act to inhibit to ___ and ___ secretion

A

secretin and cholecystokinin; HCl and pepsinogen

70
Q

within the small intestine, the enterocytes secrete ___, ____, and ____; water follows by osmosis

A

sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate

71
Q

within the small intestines, the goblet cells secrete ___ and enteroendocrine cells secrete ______

A

mucus; intestinal hormones

72
Q

within the small intestine the paneth cells secrete ____ and ____

A

antimicrobial agents–defensins and lysozymes

73
Q

Several types of bacterial toxins target the CFTR protein and activate adenylate cyclase resulting in what?

A

massive secretion of water that leads to diarrhea

74
Q

Food entering the dueodenum causes an increase in acid, fat, amino acids, hypertonicity and distension which leads to what?

A

secretion of enterogastrones and stimulation of sensory for short and/or long reflexes

75
Q

When food moves into the duodenum it stimulates:

A

chemoreceptors to transmit info via vagus to medulla oblongata and inhibit parasym to the stomach to decrease gastric secretions

76
Q

When food moves into the duodenum it stimulates release of ____ and ____ from the duodenum into the blood which act to ____

A

secretin and cholecystokinin; decrease gastric secretions and motility

77
Q

secretin travels to the liver and stimulates what?

A

secretion of bicarbonate ions into bile

78
Q

secretin also causes the pancreas to secrete ____ and cholecystokinin and acetylcholine from para in the vagus stimulate the pancreas to secrete ___

A

bicarbonate ions; gastric enzymes

79
Q

Cholecystokinin and acetylcholine stimulate the _____ to contract and the ____ to relax

A

gallbladder; hepatopancreatic sphincter

80
Q

bile and pancreatic juice are released into the duodenum and bile salts are ______ in the intestines

A

reabsorbed

81
Q

venous blood from the intestines travels to the ___ through the hepatic portal system to stimulate secretion of ____

A

intestines; bile salts

82
Q

The endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets have alpha cells that secrete ____, beta cells that secrete ___, and delta cells that secrete ____

A

glucagon; insulin; somatostatin

83
Q

The exocrine cells in the pancreas include the acini cells which secrete ___ and ____

A

digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions

84
Q

Bicarbonate ions are secreted by the epithelial cells of the pancreatic ducts in a manner similar to acid secretion in the stomach–hydrogen ions move ____ cells and ___ blood and bicarbonate is secreted into the ____

A

out; into; lumen

85
Q

Protein digestion is via ____, ____, and ____

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase

86
Q

lipid digestion is via __

A

lipase

87
Q

polysaccharide digestion is via ____

A

amylase

88
Q

nucleic acid digestion is via ____ and ___

A

ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease

89
Q

how much of bile is water?

A

85%

90
Q

aside from water what else makes up bile?

A

bile salts, excess nutrients and minerals, metabolites, excreted toxins, and bile pigments

91
Q

How are bile salts recycled?

A

bile salts are absorbed in the ileum by sodium cotransporters and then travel in venous blood to the liver where hepatocytes take them up by secondary active transport with sodium

92
Q

How is water absorbed in the large intestine?

A

active transport of sodium and water follows by osmosis

93
Q

material remains for ___ hours in the large intestine which allows bacteria to grow and multiply

A

18-24

Phys ENT/GI (4 decks)

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