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alevel biology ocr > DISEASE > Flashcards

DISEASE Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of lymphocytes

A

b and t lymphocytes

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2
Q

where are b and t lymphocytes both produced

A

in the bone marrow

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3
Q

where do b lymphocytes mature

A

in the bone marrow

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4
Q

where do t lymphocytes mature

A

in the thymus

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5
Q

what is a naive b lymphocyte

A

one that has never encountered the pathogen it has complementary receptors /is specific to

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6
Q

what stimulates the clonal expansion of b cells

A

t helper cells release interleukins a type of cytokines that stimulate the specific b cell to divide

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7
Q

many of the cloned b cells differentiate into what

A

plasma cells that secrete the same antibody

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8
Q

what do antibodies in the blood do

A

circulate in the blood and lymph where they bind to the foreign antigens at the site of invasion

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9
Q

not all of the clones differentiate into plasma cells some….

A

remain as memory cells within the lymphatic system

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10
Q

what is antigen presentation

A

when the macrophage presents the foreign antigens on their surface membrane to the b lymphocytes in the lymph nodes

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11
Q

what is an immune response

A

the process of destroying a non self cell

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12
Q

what is a self cell

A

one that is from the body

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13
Q

what is a non self cell

A

a foreign cell

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14
Q

what is a pathogen

A

any microorganism that causes disease

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15
Q

what is a lymphocyte

A

a type of white blood cell that identifies non self cells

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16
Q

what is an antigen

A

a protein in the cell surface membrane that triggers an immune response

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17
Q

how are lymphocytes able to recognise antigens

A

they have receptors that are complementary to antigens on non self cells

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18
Q

each lymphocyte has receptors that can recognise

A

one specific anigen

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19
Q

the shape of rhe antigen binding site is a result of its…

A

tertiary structure

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20
Q

four examples of passive physical barriers which help plants prevent the entry of pathogens

A

bark, waxy cuticles, closing stomata, cellulose in cell walls

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21
Q

How is a plant’s response to attack by pathogens triggered?

A

By cell signalling involving the release of signalling molecules. This is triggered by molecules associated with cell damage or pathogen entry attaching to receptors.

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22
Q

Name two materials actively produced by plants in response to infection.

A

Callose and lignin.

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23
Q

Where is callose deposited to help prevent the spread of a pathogen in a plant? (3 things)

A

Where is callose deposited to help prevent the spread of a pathogen in a plant?

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24
Q

Give five types of defence chemicals in plants.

A

Give five types of defence chemicals in plants.

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25
Q

Name two barrier defences which help prevent entry of pathogens in animals

A

skin and mucous membranes

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26
Q

Name three defence mechanisms, other than barrier defences, which help prevent entry of pathogens in animals.

A

blood clotting, wound repair, expulsive reflexes

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27
Q

Name two chemical secretions which help prevent entry of pathogens in animals

A

lysozymes and stomach (HCl) acid

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28
Q

In the inflammatory response, which two chemicals are released by mast cells?

A

cytokines and histamines

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29
Q

What are the effects of histamine on tissues?

A

dilation of blood vessels causing heat, redness and increased formation of tissue fluid causing swelling (oedema)

30
Q

Name two non-specific defence mechanisms which act in response to the entry of pathogens in animals.

A

fever, phagocytosis

31
Q

name 2 human diseases caused by bacteria

A

tuberculosis and bacterial emingitis

32
Q

Name two human diseases caused by viruses.

A

AIDS and influenza.

33
Q

Which type of pathogen causes athlete’s foot and ringworm in animals

A

fungus

34
Q

what is a phagosome

A

the vacuole/vesicle which encloses a pathogen after it has been engulfed by a phagocyte.

35
Q

What is a phagolysosome?

A

the structure formed when a phagosome combines with a lysosome

36
Q

Which two types of white blood cells are involved in phagocytosis?

A

neutrophils and macrophages

37
Q

Which type of phagocyte is involved in both the non-specific and specific immune response?

A

macrophage

38
Q

what are antigen presenting cells

A

cells that present foreign antigens on their cell surface membrane

39
Q

What is the term for immunity in which T lymphocytes respond to a foreign antigen?

A

cell-mediated immunity

40
Q

what is the role of t helper cells

A

to produce cytokines called interleukins, these stimulate B cells to increase antibody prodcution, phagocytes/neutrophils to ingest pathogens and the production of other t cells

41
Q

Which type of T cells live a long time after an initial infection and allow a faster immune response if there is a subsequent infection?

A

t memory cells

42
Q

What is the role of T regulator cells?

A

To suppress the immune response to prevent an autoimmune response.

43
Q

What term is used for the type of immune response in which B lymphocytes respond to a foreign antigen?

A

humoral immune response

44
Q

Which type of B cell produces antibodies in response to a foreign antigen?

A

plasma cells

45
Q

What are the steps involved in the humoral immune response? (2)

A

the response of b lymphocytes to a foreign antigen, clonal selection and the release of antibodies

46
Q

How does the secondary immune response differ from the primary immune response?

A

In the secondary immune response, plasma cells and antibodies are produced at higher speed and concentration due to the presence of memory cells produced during the primary immune response

47
Q

what are cytokines and what is their function

A

they are cell signalling molecules released by the immune cells to help regulate the immune response

48
Q

what are opsonins and what is ther function

A

they are proteins which bind to cells and make them more recognisable to phagocytes

49
Q

What are agglutinins and what is their function?

A

Substances, including antibodies, that cause particles to clump together.

50
Q

What are anti-toxins and what is their function?

A

an antibody which is able to neutralise a toxin

51
Q

What are interleukins and what is their function?

A

a type of cytokine produced by the t helper cells which stimulate other immune cells

52
Q

Describe active immunity.

A

resistance that arises as a result of exposure to an antigen which causes b lymphocytes to produce antibodies

53
Q

define passive immunity

A

resistance that arises when antibodies introduced into the body either from injection or by breastfeeding bind to an destroy specific toxins/venoms/antigens

54
Q

what IS a vaccine

A

a suspension containing an antigen or antibody used to prevent disease

55
Q

what is the definition of a vaccine

A

to prevent disease by injecting antibodies or stimulating the immune system to produce antiboides in response to a specific antigen

56
Q

what is herd immunity

A

when large numbers of the population are vaccinated meaning very few people carry the pathogen so vunerbale,susceptible people are less likely to make contact with infected people

57
Q

4 possible sources of medicine

A

microorganisms, plants, animals and chemical synthesis

58
Q

Name the plants which are the source of the drugs aspirin and digoxin.

A

the yew tree is the source of aspirin and foxglove is the source of digoxin

59
Q

The fungus Penicillium chrysogenum is the source of which drug?

A

the antibiotic, penicillin

60
Q

What is meant by the term ‘‘personalised medicine’’?

A

Using information about a person’s genometo choose treatment which will work best for the individual.

61
Q

What is meant by the term “pharmacogenomics”?

A

The study of how a person’s genes affect their response to particular drugs/ pharmaceuticals/medicine

62
Q

lysosomes contain

A

lysozymes

63
Q

Pathogens are made of biological molecules, such as proteins and carbohydrates, which are formed by condensation reactions.
$$
Lysozymes break down the pathogen by catalysing a/an…

A

hydrolysis reaction

64
Q

What are the two methods of direct transmission of pathogens between animals?

A

direct contact and droplets

65
Q

What are the two methods of indirect transmission of pathogens between animals?

A

vectors and ingestion of contaminated food and water

66
Q

Name three factors which can increase the chances of transmission of a communicable disease between animals.

A

overcrowding, malnutrition and a weakened immune system

67
Q

What are the two methods of indirect transmission of pathogens between plants?

A

vectors and soil contamination

68
Q

Name three factors which can increase the chances of transmission of a communicable disease between plants.

A

overcrowding, mineral deficiency, damp and warm conditions

69
Q

State five ways farmers and growers control the transmission of a communicable disease between plants.

A

crop rotation
cleaning equipment
controlling insect vectors
leaving more space between growing plants
removing plant material from soil after harvesting

70
Q

What is meant by the term ‘‘personalised medicine’’?

A

using information about a person’s genes to choose treatment which will work best for the individual.

71
Q
A

alevel biology ocr (19 decks)

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