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Science > Disease and Vaccine > Flashcards

Disease and Vaccine Flashcards

1
Q

Define Disease

A

a condition of the living animal or plant body or of one of its parts that impairs normal functioning and is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms

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2
Q

Define infectious

A

spreading or capable of spreading rapidly to others

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3
Q

Define Non-Infectious

A

not able to be passed from one person, animal, or plant to another

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4
Q

Define Pathogen

A

a microorganism that can cause disease.

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5
Q

Define Vector

A

an organism, typically a biting insect or tick, that transmits a pathogen, disease, or parasite from one animal or plant to another.

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6
Q

Define Modes Of Transmission

A

ways in which a disease is transmitted from one thing to another

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7
Q

Define Phagocytes

A

a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles.

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8
Q

Define Phagocytosis

A

the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans.

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9
Q

Define Pus

A

a thick yellowish or greenish opaque liquid produced in infected tissue, consisting of dead white blood cells and bacteria with tissue debris and serum.

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10
Q

Define Innate immunity

A

existing immunity (immunity a person is born with during birth)

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11
Q

Define Acquired Immunity

A

immunity that a person gains over time through being exposed to pathogens

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12
Q

Defene B Cells

A

A type of white blood cell that makes antibodies

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13
Q

Define T-Helper Cells

A

A type of white blood cell

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14
Q

Define Antigen

A

Any substance that causes the body to make an immune response against that substance

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15
Q

Define Antibody

A

proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body.

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16
Q

Define Vaccine/vaccination

A

A preparation that is used to stimulate the body’s immune response against diseases.

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17
Q

Define Herd Immunity

A

resistance to the spread of an infectious disease within a population that is based on pre-existing immunity of a high proportion of individuals as a result of previous infection or vaccination.

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18
Q

Define Antibiotic

A

a medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms.

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19
Q

Define Antiviral

A

a drug or treatment) effective against viruses.

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20
Q

Define Antivenom

A

purified antibodies against venoms or venom components

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21
Q

Pathogens include…

A

Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasites and fungi

22
Q

Infectious disease are caused by…

A

a pathogen

23
Q

Infectious deseases are…

A

contagious and easily transmissible

24
Q

Give 3 examples of an infectious diesease

A

Covid 19, chicken pox, smallpox, infuenza, measles, food poisoning, head lice, meningococcal, syphilis, chlamydia, malaria

25
Q

Non infectious diseases are caused by…

A

genetics or lyfestyle factors

26
Q

Non-infectious diseases are…

A

not contagious/ not transmissible

27
Q

vetors which spread disease are…

A

not infected themselves

28
Q

what is an example of a vector

A

mosquito - transmits malaria

29
Q

what are 3 modes of transmission

A

direct contact, water, air borne

30
Q

what is the function of the immune system

A

to protect the body from infection

31
Q

what is the first line of defense

A

barries to provent infection

32
Q

what is the second line of defense?

A

general responses to infection (response once infected)

33
Q

what is the third line of defense?

A

specific/ targated responses

34
Q

what is the function of the first line of defense?

A

to stop pathogens from entering the body

35
Q

what are the 3 categories of the first line of defense - give an example of each

A

physical - physical barriers to stop pathogens
chemical - stops pathogens from entering the body through chemical changes/reactions

36
Q

what are the similarities between the first, second and third lines of defense?

A

1 - keeps pathogens out of the body
2 and 3 - get rid of pathogens from the body

37
Q

Is the first line of defence a general or specific immune response?

A

general

38
Q

what is the function of the second line of defense?

A

destroys any pathogens that enter the body

39
Q

what are 3 examples of the second line of defense?

A

fever, inflamation, phygosyte

40
Q

how does fever work in regards to the second line of defense?

A

it increases boy temperature making it too hot for the pathogen to survive

41
Q

how does inflammation work in regards to the second line of defense?

A

the blood supply increases, helping carry immune cells to the affected area

42
Q

what is the function of the third line of defense?

A

target specific antigens.

43
Q

what are 2 examples of specific responses to infection - describe how they work

A

B cells - identify the pathogen
T cells - help your immune system fight germs and protect you from disease

44
Q

what is the lock and key mechanism?

A

antibodies and antigens
- theory of enzyme action that explains how enzymes fit their substrate.

45
Q

how is memory created through acquired immunity?

A

memory is sustained by long-lived antigen-specific lymphocytes that were induced by the original exposure and that persist until a second encounter with the pathogen

46
Q

is the third line of defense a general or specific immune response? why?

A

specific - because it is targeted at specific pathogens

47
Q

what are the basic steps in vaccination?

A
  • a small amount of dead or weakend pathogen is injected into the body
  • the pathogen has an antigen attacted on its surface
  • White blood cells detect the antigen as a foreign body
  • White blood cells produce antibodies which lock onto the antigens destroying the pathogen.
  • Memory white blood cells are produced.
  • If the pathogen re-enters the body, the antibodies are mass produced very quickly,
    preventing re-infection
48
Q

how does vaccination create herd immunity?

A

if enough people have been vaccinated against a disease and have developed protective antibodies against future infection.

49
Q

explain how herd immunity protects vunerable people in the population?

A

when a large portion of a community (the herd) becomes immune to a disease

50
Q

describe herd immunity

A

resistance to the spread of an infectious disease within a population that is based on pre-existing immunity of a high proportion of individuals as a result of previous infection or vaccination.

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