Diseases of Nervous System and Eyes

Question 1

Bacterial Meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis)

Answer 1

sudden high fever and serve meningeal inflammation, Bacterial (Gram -), transmitted by respiratory droplets, aka “meningococcus” PURPLE SPOTTED RASH, MC in college students

Question 2

Bacterial Meningitis (Strptococcus pneumoniae)

Answer 2

sudden high fever and serve meningeal inflammation, Bacterial (Gram +), transmitted by respiratory droplets, aka “pneumococcus”, MC in adults

Question 3

Bacterial Meningitis (Haemophilus influenzae b)

Answer 3

sudden high fever and serve meningeal inflammation, Bacterial (Gram -), transmitted by respiratory droplets, children

Question 4

Bacterial Meningitis (Listeria monocytogenes)

Answer 4

sudden high fever and serve meningeal inflammation, Bacterial (Gram +), transmitted by containated food and drink, pregnant women

Question 5

Bacterial Meningitis (Streptococcus agalactiae)

Answer 5

sudden high fever and serve meningeal inflammation, Bacterial (Gram +), transmitted at birth), premature babies and infants

Question 6

Hansen’s Disease (leprosy)

Answer 6

Myocbaterium leprae; Tuberculoid leprosy: Nonprogressive loss of sensation; Lepromatous leprosy: progressive, gradual loss of facial features, digits and other body structures. Bacteria (acid-fast), person-to-person (armadillos), strong immune system= tuberculoid leprosy, weaker immune system = Lepromatous leprosy. Death is rare

Question 7

Botulism

Answer 7

Clostridium botulinum; flaccid paralysis, death can result from asphyxiation- can’t inhale, Bacteria (gram +), 3 types: contaminated food, honey (infants), endospores; extremely potent; infant botulism MC form in US, “floppy baby syndrome” Cat A bioterrorist threat

Question 8

Tetanus (Lockjaw)

Answer 8

Clostridium tetani; severe muscular contraction; lockjaw, constant back spasms; death from asphyxiation- can’t exhale, Bacteria (gram +), Risus sardonicus = smiling spasm, Neonatal tetanus mortality > 90% infected umbilical stump

Question 9

Viral meningitis (Aseptic meningitis)

Answer 9

Enterovirus: Poliovirus, Coxsackie virus, Eclhovirus (90%); similar to bacterial meningitis, but milder, respiratory droplets and feces, MC than bacterial and fungal menigitis

Question 10

Poliiomyelitis

Answer 10

Poliovirus; asymtomatic infections almost 90% of cases, Paralytic polio (1%) produces paralysis - can result in bulbar polio, contaminated water, aka infantile paralysis; postpolio syndrome - crippling deterioration common, 2 vaccines: OPV, IPV (no longer give OPV in US)

Question 11

Rabies

Answer 11

Rabies virus, transmission usually occurs via bite, classical zoonotic disease, Bats - source of most cases of rabies; too late to intervene by the time symptoms occur, capsid = bullet shaped

Question 12

Eastern Equine Encephalitis

Answer 12

Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus (EEE); seizures 3-10 day after infected mosquito bite, Mosquito vector, Arbovirus east of Mississippi; BSL-3 aka sleeping sickness

Question 13

Western Equine Encephalitis

Answer 13

Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) virus; seizures 3-10 day after infected mosquito bite, Mosquito vector, Arbovirus west of the Mississippi

Question 14

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis

Answer 14

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) virus; seizures 3-10 day after infected mosquito bite, Mosquito vector, Arbovirus found mostly in Texas

Question 15

St. Louis Encephalitis

Answer 15

St. Louis Encephalitis virus; neck stiffness, Mosquito vector, Arbovirus named after outbreak in St. Louis

Question 16

West Nile Encephalitis

Answer 16

West Nile virus; 80% of people asymptomatic, mosquito vector, Arbovirus; avoid handling dead birds

Question 17

California (Lacrosse) Encephalitis

Answer 17

California Encephalitis Virus; usually mild, mosquito vector, Arbovirus

Question 18

Tick Bourne Encephalitis

Answer 18

Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus; sore muscles, fever, the encephalitis, with coma, convulsions, and paralysis; Hard tick vector, Arbovirus, emerging disease

Question 19

Cyptococcal menigitis

Answer 19

Cryptococcus neoformans; similar to bacterial meningitis, can progress to loss of vision and coma, Fungus, Oportunitstic Pathogen - inhalation of spores or dried yeast, MC clinical form of Cryptococcal infection

Question 20

African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis)

Answer 20

Trypanosoma bruccei gambiense (West African Sleeping sickness (95%); Trypanosoma bruccei rhodesiense (East African Sleeping sickness (5%); 3 stages: site of fly bite lesion, fever/lymph node swelling/headaches, invasion of CNS = Meningoencephalitis; Protozoan, Tsetse fly vector

Question 21

Amebic Meningo-encephalopathy

Answer 21

Acanthamoeba (by the time diagnosed always too late), Naegleria fowleri (“brain-eating amoeba”), usually death within 3-7 days, inhalation of contaminated water

Question 22

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)

Answer 22

Abnormal strains of prion, insomnia, weight loss, memory failure, worsening of muscle control, eating contaminated beef, Spongiform encephalopathy; emerging disease

Question 23

Trachoma

Answer 23

Chlamydia trachomatis, eyelids turn inward, irritates cornea results in blindness, bacteria from genitals introduced into the eyes, leading cause of nontraumatic blindness in humans, bacteria

Question 24

Sty

Answer 24

Staphylococcus aureus (most likely cause), Staphylococcus epidermidis; Bacteria Gram +, direct contact/fomites

Question 25

Opthalmia Neonatorum

Answer 25

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, inflammation of cornea or blindness, bacteria gram -, bacteria from genitals, aka newborn conjunctivitis

Question 26

Conjunctivitis (aka pinkeye)

Answer 26

Staphylococcus aureus (gram +), Streptococcus pneumonia (gram +), Haemophilus aegyptii (Gram -), Adenovirus (DNA virus) - swimming pool conjunctivitis, direct transmission,

Question 27

Ocular herpes

Answer 27

HHV-1, DNA virus, unilateral, gritty feeling, can lead to blindness, close contact with active lesions, latent virus in trigeminal ganglion travels down ophthalmic branch

Question 28

Ocular candidiases

Answer 28

Candid albicans; eye pain, redness, blindness, fungus, opportunistic pathogen

Question 29

Acanthamoeba keratitis

Answer 29

Acanthamoeba; extreme eye pain, severe redness, protozoan, never use nonsterile solutions to clean or store contact lenses; emerging disease

Question 30

Loa Loa Filariasis

Answer 30

Loa Loa; Painful, nematode moves across eyeball and under bridge of nose, Deer fly or Mango fly vectors, aka subcutaneous filariasis or loaiasis

Question 31

Onchocerciasis

Answer 31

Onchocerca vlavulus; long-term corneal inflammation; leads to blindness, nematode, black fly vector, aka River Blindness