Disorders and Illnesses

Question 1

Lambert-Eaton Syndrome

Answer 1

antibodies destroy Ca2+ channels causing muscle weakness

Question 2

Myasthenia Gravis

Answer 2

autoimmune disease that destroys ACh receptors on skeletal muscle causing muscle weakness or paralysis

Question 3

Meninginocele

Answer 3

protrusion of meninges through the bony defect

Question 4

Meningomyelocele

Answer 4

neural tissue and meninges outside of body

Question 5

Myeloschisis

Answer 5

malformed spinal cord open to the surface

Question 6

Anencephaly

Answer 6

formation of rudimentary brainstem without cerebral hemispheres

Question 7

Microcephaly

Answer 7

infant’s brain is developmentally smaller than a typical brain

Question 8

Huntington’s Disease

Answer 8

chorea and hyperkinetic movements and dementia

Question 9

Myopathy

Answer 9

• LMN lesion

- affects coordination, muscle tone, and reflexes

Question 10

Transverse Myelitis

Answer 10

• lesion spreads across SC

- spinal segmental losses and blocking signals traveling up and down the SC

Question 11

Syringomyelia

Answer 11

• fluid-filled cavity in cervical region
• pain and temperature loss
• paresis and muscle atrophy in UE

Question 12

Bell’s Palsy

Answer 12

paralysis of upper and lower facial muscles on onside of the face

Question 13

Locked-In Syndrome

Answer 13

• movement disorder in which there is no voluntary movement

- affects motor and speech pathways

Question 14

Thalamic Pain Syndrome

Answer 14

severe contralateral pain that may occur with or without evoking a stimulus

Question 15

Epilepsy

Answer 15

• sudden attacks of excessive cortical neuronal discharge
• involuntary movements
• disruptions of autonomic regulation
• illusions and hallucinations may occur

Question 16

Epidural Hematoma

Answer 16

• between the skull and dura mater

- fast onset

Question 17

Subdural Hematoma

Answer 17

• between dura mater and arachnoid mater

- slow onset

Question 18

Aneurysm

Answer 18

dilation of an arterial or venous wall

Question 19

Anterior cord syndrome

Answer 19

interferes with pain and temperature (ascending spinothalamic tract) and motor control

Question 20

Central cord syndrome

Answer 20

• small lesion - eliminates pain and temperature

- large lesion - poor motor control of UE

Question 21

Brown-Sequard syndrome

Answer 21

• hemisection of SC
• ipsilateral loss of motor control
• contralateral loss of pain and temperature

Question 22

Posterior cord syndrome

Answer 22

loss of discriminative touch and proprioception

Question 23

Complete SCI (2)

Answer 23

• lack of sensory and motor function in lower sacral segment
• causes PARALYSIS

Question 24

Incomplete SCI

Answer 24

preservation of sensory and/pr motor function in the lowest sacral segment

Question 25

Complete C4 SCI (6)

Answer 25

• most severe
• quadriplegia
• difficulty breathing
• incontinence
• orthostatic hypertension
• poor temperature regulation

Question 26

Incomplete T12 SCI (3)

Answer 26

• UMN lesion
• paraplegia
• absence of motor function

Question 27

C5 SCI (4)

Answer 27

• paralysis in torso, legs, wrists, and hands
• paralysis may be experienced on one or both sides
• patients may be able t raise their arms and/or bend their elbows
• patients will need assistance with daily living, but may have some independent function

Question 28

Cauda equina syndrome (4)

Answer 28

• damage to lumbar/sacral nerve roots
• causes sensory impairment and flaccid paralysis of lower limbs, bladder, and bowels
• lesion at L2
• caused by herniated disk, vertebral fracture, or tumor

Question 29

Cauda equina red flags (6)

Answer 29

• difficulty with urination and/or defacation
• decreased/lost sensation in saddle area
• low back pain
• unilateral/bilateral sciatica
• lower limb paresis/sensory deficits
• decreased/lost lower limb reflexes

Question 30

Conus medullaris (4)

Answer 30

• loss of motor function and sensation below level of injury (not severe)
• absence of reflex arc
• motor paralysis (LMN)
• bowel and bladder incontinence and sexual dysfunction (MORE SEVERE)