Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Lecture with Librarian > DNA (This WONT BE ON FINAL I FEEL) > Flashcards

DNA (This WONT BE ON FINAL I FEEL) Flashcards

1
Q

DNA has to fit into ________

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

DNA does not exist as naked DNA in nuclei it exists as chromatin.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Chromatin is a wrapping of DNA around histone protein which allows for ____________

A

supercoiling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Supercoiling DNA causes it to become: ___________

A

smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the purpose of supercoiling and condensing the DNA?

A

Its allows to fit into the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Acetylation is one of the histone modications

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Wrapping of DNA around histone proteins allows for supercoiling which allows DNA to fit into the nucelus and ________________

A

affects access to DNA and gene regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Base pairings Adenine to ___________
(Think of Apples are on Trees)

A

Thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Base pairings Guanine to __________
(Think of Cars are in the Garage)

A

Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Supercoiling DNA causes it to become smaller

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Condensation of DNA makes it more tiny

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The purpose of supercoiling and condensing the DNA is so that it can fit into that nucleus

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

DNA methylation generally is __________

A

silencing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Histone acetylation is generally ________genes or histone acetylated.

A

active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Central Dogma: DNA gets ____________ into RNA. RNA is then __________ into protein.

A

transcribed, translated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Box 1:________:unwind the parental double helix

A

Helicase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Box 2: __________ stabilizing the unwound parental DNA

A

single stranded binding proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Box 3: ____________ is synthesized continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction by DNA polymerase; can only add on a nucleotide at the 3 prime end.

A

leading strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Box 4: The __________ is synthesized discontinuously. Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer, which is extended by DNA polymerase to form an Okazaki fragment; replicated in pieces or discontinuously

A

lagging strand

20
Q

Box 5: After the RNA primer is replaced by DNA (by another DNA polymerase, not shown), ________ joins the Okazaki fragment to the growing strand

A

DNA ligase

21
Q

In both lagging and leading strand DNA polymerase CANNOT just start by itself. DNA polymerase requires a primer so RNA primase is going to make RNA primer and there will be multiple of those on the lagging strand and there was an RNA primase on the leading strand as well. Those primers because they are made from an RNA primase they are made out of RNA. Can we keep those RNA primers in our DNA? No they need to be removed by an RNase

A
22
Q

What are the 2 DNA strands called?

A

Leading strand and lagging strand

23
Q

How is the leading strand replicated?

A

Continously

24
Q

What direction is the leading strand replicated in?

A

5’ to 3’

25
Q

How is the lagging strand replicated?

A

in fragments

26
Q

What happens after the rna primer is removed?

A

DNA polymerase will fill in the gap… the ligase has to fix the nick

27
Q

A single stranded break on one side of the dna is called a _________

A

nick

28
Q

What enzyme transcribes DNA?

A

RNA polymerase transcribes DNA

29
Q

_________are proteins that bind to specific sequences in the promoter to recruit RNA polymerase to the promoter to activate transcription of the gene; (so if those sequences in the promoter are not the right sequences that can mess with the expression of the gene)

A

Transcription factors

30
Q

Transcription Process

2nd step Elongation: RNA is being transcribed here

Last step of DNA transcription is _____________

A

termination

31
Q

RNA processing

-RNA processing is extensive in eukaroytes

-mRNA,tRNA, and rRNA are all spliced(think of Many tiny rabbits splice ribbons)

-_______ are spliced out, while __________are kept in the final mRNA

A

Introns,exons

(exons are “expressed”

Introns are in the trash)

32
Q

-mRNA can be alternatively spliced which _________ the diversity of gene products that can expressed from a single genome

A

increases

33
Q

-mRNA is further processed by adding a _________ (unique 5’- 5’bond) and poly-A tail

A

5’ cap

34
Q

-Alternative splicing is usually tissues specific..if you have 5 different exons in the gene and then in the final mRNA. In the other tissue there could be only 4 of those that are kept in the final. The point is that leads to an increase in diversity in the gene products that can be formed from about 25,000 genes that we have in our genome

A
35
Q

-Certain sequences that are needed for splicing to occur properly and if there is a mutation and the sequences change and splicing may not occur properly then the final product is going to be different!

A
36
Q

Translation to form _______

A

proteins

37
Q

Complex that performs translation (has 2 subunits)–> called a __________

A

ribosome

38
Q

Ribosomal RNA forms the ribosome

A
39
Q

tRNA has the __________sequence will anneal to the codon sequence in the ribosome (so linking that to genetic diseases what’s going to happen if the codon sequence is changed not the right amino acid is going to be added so that’s going to change the protein that’s made and that’s whats going to cause the disease)

A

anticodon

40
Q

Proteins are made of ___________

A

amino acids

41
Q

_________ is bringing the correct amino acid to the ribosome complex so that correct amino acid can be added to the polypeptide being formed. (If sequence isn’t right and something has changed and it’s a mutation the wrong amino acid can be brought its not always the case there is degeneracy in the sequence meaning multiple codons can code for the same amino acid)

A

tRNA

42
Q

Dont forget about post-translational modifications!!! (if the protein sequence has changed that may also change the possibility of post-translational modifications that are going to happen. If there is suppose to be a lysine there and its not a lysine anymore then it can’t get modified the way it normally would

A
43
Q

__________=change in the DNA sequence

A

Mutation

44
Q

What are the sources of DNA mutations?

-_______(induced) versus _________ (spontaneous)

A

Extrinsic

Intrinsic

(Extrinsic factors has to do with environmental factors that affects mutations)

45
Q

-Methyl CpG is a mutation hot spot due to deamination to _________(Repair enzymes are kind of confused because thymine is suppose to be in the DNA so sometimes if it’s a TG mismatch they aren’t sure and it can get missed sometimes… This is a hot spot for mutation)

A

thymine

46
Q

How does the cell deal with these mutations?

-__________ during replication

-__________-MMR,BER,NER,NHEJ,HR (don’t need to memorize this just know that this exists)

A

Proofreading

Repair processes

47
Q

-The mutation rate in the genome is 10^-9 per base pair per cell division

-The mutation rate in a particular gene varies from 10^-4 to 10^-7

(Mutation rate will be MUCH Better with these repair processes than it would be without)

A

Lecture with Librarian (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions