DNA & Genetics

Question 1

Smallest to largest - Genetics

Answer 1

DNA
Genes
Chromosomes
Genome
Nucleus
Cell
Tissue
Organs
Human Body

Question 2

DNA definition

Answer 2

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that contains he biological instructions to make each species ad individual unique. DNA, along witht he instructions it contains, is passed from adult organisms to their offspring during reproduction. DNA is found in the nucleus of a cell. DNA tells amino acids how to form into proteins. It’s made up of nucleotides. It self replicates.

Question 3

Gene definition

Answer 3

A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of hereditary. Genes, which are made up of DNA, act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. A gene is a special stretch of DNA that make code for something specific. It’s information for cells. Genes make proteins that interact together. Size and shape of a protien depends on the length and sequence of the gene.

Question 4

Chromosomes definition

Answer 4

Chromosomes are thread like structures located inside of the nucleus of an animal or a plant cell. Each chromosome is made up of protein and single molecule of deokyribonucleic acid. Passed from parent to offspring, DNA contains specific instructions that make each type of living creature unique. It is an entire chain of DNA along with stabalizing protiens. Chromosome fibre holds small histones that carry DNA. It’s packaged tightly when reproducing and splits in half when it’s not.

Question 5

Genome definition

Answer 5

An organism’s complete set of DNA, including all its genes. Each genome contains all the information needed to build and maintain that organism.

Question 6

Alleles definition

Answer 6

Determine the distinct traits that can be passed to offspring. Genes exist in alternate forms called alleles.

Gene - eye colour
Allele - blue, green, brown, etc.

Alleles are different versions of a gene.

Question 7

Rosalind Franklin

Answer 7

Took the first x-ray pictures of DNA. This helped scientists determine the shape of DNA.

Question 8

James Watson & Francis Creek

Answer 8

Built the first DNA model. Given credit for determining the double helix shape.

Question 9

Structure of DNA

Answer 9

A strand of DNA is made of a monomer called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of three parts: sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, and a nitrogen base which always binds to the sugar.

Question 10

Maurice Wilkins

Answer 10

Known for contributions to discovery of DNA molecular structure.

Question 11

Linus Pauling

Answer 11

Worked out structure of proteins and involved in race to find structure of DNA.

Question 12

Amino Acids

Answer 12

Tiny little chemicals found in the cytoplasm of a cell and are known as the building blocks of life. They connect to create proteins. There’s 20 different kinds.

Question 13

Smallest to largest

Answer 13

Amino acids, protein, living cells, tissue, organs, human.

Question 14

RNA

Answer 14

Brings part of the DNA to the ribosomes to create proteins.

Question 15

Cells and DNA

Answer 15

Cells have 46 strands of DNA which are made up of nucleotides. There is 4 different types: Adenine, Thymine, and Guanine, Cytosine.

Question 16

Mutation

Answer 16

Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA/RNA.

Question 17

Types of bonds

Answer 17

Covalent - present in the backbone of each separate nucleotide and it holds nucleotides together, it’s very strong.

Hydrogen - present in the double helix and holds the bases together. It allows them to break away.

Question 18

Chargaff’s rule

Answer 18

Adenine always goes with Thymine

Guanine always goes with Cytosine.

Question 19

Characteristic

Answer 19

Feature such as eye colour or wing type. It’s a broad subject.

Question 20

Trait

Answer 20

Variation of a characteristic like blue eyes, long wings.

Question 21

Heritable Characteristics

Answer 21

Characteristics passed from patent to offspring.

Question 22

Non-heritable characteristics

Answer 22

Cannot be passed from parents like dyed hair.

Question 23

Discrete Variation

Answer 23

Traits that have a defined form like a species of flowers can be either purple or white.

Question 24

Continuous Variation

Answer 24

Very wide range of possibilities like height.

Question 25

Dominant gene

Answer 25

Dominant version of a gene that shows through offspring even if only one parent has it.

Question 26

Recessive gene.

Answer 26

Shows it’s specific trait when passed from both parents.

Question 27

Hereditary

Answer 27

Transmission of one characteristic through generations.

Question 28

Genotype

Answer 28

Genetic code of your cells, the exact pairing of alleles. Known as BB, Bb, or bb.

Question 29

Phenotype

Answer 29

The physical expression of the genotype like the colour of the eyes. It’s not known as the code.

Question 30

Homozygous Dominant

Answer 30

Example: AA

Takes over Homozygous recessive and heterozygous.

Question 31

Homozygous recessive

Answer 31

Example: bb

Known as a hidden gene

Question 32

Heterozygous

Answer 32

Takes over homozygous recessive.

Question 33

Punnett squares

Answer 33

Shows the probability or likeliness of a genetic outcome. It’s not what it will be but what it could be.

Question 34

Genetic Disorders

Answer 34

A genetic disorder is caused by an abnormality in an individual DNA.

Question 35

Types of genetic disorders

Answer 35

Single gene disorders - these disorders involve mutations in the DNA sequence of single genes. As a result, the protein the gene codes for is either altered or missing.

Chromosomal disorders - in these disorders, entire chromosomes or large parts of them are missing, duplicated, or otherwise altered.

Multifactorial disorders - these disorders involve variations in multiple genes and is often coupled with environmental causes.