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Y13 The Water Cycle > Drainage Basins > Flashcards

Drainage Basins Flashcards

1
Q

What is a drainage basin?

A

The area of land surrounding a river, from which the river receives water and subsequently drains this water.

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2
Q

What type of system is a drainage basin?

A

An open system.

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3
Q

What is the definition of evaporation?

A

When water is heated and turns into a gas (water vapour).

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4
Q

What is the definition of condensation?

A

When water vapour is cooled and turns back into its liquid state.

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5
Q

What is through flow?

A

It’s water moving through soil.

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6
Q

What is the definition of interception?

A

When precipitation falls on trees and is stored in their leaves.

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7
Q

What is the definition of transpiration?

A

When water is evaporated from tree and plant leaves.

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8
Q

What is the definition of percolation?

A

When water moves from the layers of soil in the drainage basin through to layers of underground rock.

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9
Q

What is overland flow?

A

When water does not move/ soak into soil and runs over the ground instead.

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10
Q

What is groundwater flow?

A

When water moves through underground rocks.

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11
Q

What is infiltration?

A

When water moves from the surface of the ground through to layers of soil underneath.

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12
Q

What is the definition of precipitation?

A

Water falling to the Earth in the form of rain, hail, sleep or snow.

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13
Q

What is through fall?

A

The proportion of precipitation falling through gaps in canopy.

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14
Q

What is storm fall/ rain events?

A

Storm-fall events are defined as rainfall periods separated by 24+ hours of dry intervals. Rainfall events defined as rainfall periods separated by 4 hours of dry intervals.

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15
Q

What is stem flow?

A

Proportion of rainfall reaching the ground by flowing down stems or stalks.

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16
Q

What is the definition of water balance?

A

The balance between inputs and outputs in a drainage basin.

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17
Q

What is evapotranspiration?

A

The total water evaporation from ground surface and plants.

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18
Q

What are the inputs in a drainage basin?

A

-Precipitation

19
Q

What are the outputs in a drainage basin?

A

-Sea/ lake
-Evapotranspiration

20
Q

What are the stores in a drainage basin?

A

-River channel
-Groundwater zone
-Soil storage
-Interception by plants
-Groundwater (lake or aquifer)

21
Q

What are the flows in a drainage basin?

A

-Through flow
-Stem flow
-Infiltration
-Percolation
-Through fall
-Channel flow

22
Q

What are the 5 things that effect interception?

A

-Surface area
-Type/ intensity of precipitation
-Type of tree (seasonal)
-Wind speed
-After prolong period of no rain

23
Q

How much rainfall do coniferous trees intercept?

A

25-35%

24
Q

How much rainfall do deciduous trees intercept?

A

15-25%

25
Q

How much rainfall do arable crops intercept?

A

10-15%

26
Q

How much rainfall do tropical rain forests intercept?

A

58%

27
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

A water store that can be refilled.

28
Q

What is an ancient aquifer?

A

A water store that cannot be refilled.

29
Q

What are the 12 factors that affect storage?

A

-Size/ surface area
-Human intervention
-Temperature
-Rate of evaporation
-Accessibility
-Humidity
-Relief
-Vegetation type + coverage
-Seasons
-Rate of condensation
-Rainfall
-Soil type

30
Q

What is infiltration controlled by?

A

It’s controlled by gravity, capillary action, soil porosity.

31
Q

What is soil porosity controlled by?

A

It’s controlled by texture, structure and organic content.

32
Q

What is the definition of capillary action?

A

It’s where water is polar (sticky) so the water particles get ‘sucked’ up through gaps between soil particles.

33
Q

What helps capillary action?

A

Water tension.

34
Q

What are the 6 factors that effect infiltration?

A

-Vegetation cover
-Slope angle
-Soil texture/ structure
-Amount of water
-Time
-Soil surface structure

35
Q

What has a huge impact on through flow?

A

Farming.

36
Q

What are percolines?

A

Tubes that pass water through the soil.

37
Q

What type of permeability does aquitards have?

A

They have Low permeability.

38
Q

What type of permeability does aquitudes have?

A

They are Impermeable.

39
Q

What happens to the percolines the further underground you go.

A

-It gets much more compact + dense.
-Less pours.

40
Q

What 3 factors affect overland flow?

A

-Urbanisation
-Farming/ agriculture
-Intensity of rain

41
Q

What is the definition of horizons?

A

The layers in the soil.

42
Q

Who first noticed surface run off?

A

Horton (1933)

43
Q

What is a soil moisture budget?

A

A simple accounting scheme used to predict soil-water storage, evaporation and water surplus.

44
Q

What is potential evapotranspiration?

A

The maximum evapotranspiration in that area for a given time.

Y13 The Water Cycle (10 decks)

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