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History > Drake's Circumnavigation > Flashcards

Drake's Circumnavigation Flashcards

1
Q

When did England become a potentional Protestant enemy of Spain?

A

In 1534

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2
Q

Who did drake live with his relatives in Plymouth?

A

The Hawkins family

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3
Q

When did Hawkins sail out on his first voyage?

A

In 1562

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4
Q

What did Hawkins do on his first voyage?

A
  • Raided West African coast
  • In Sierra Leone, stole 300 slaves from Portuguese
  • Sailed to Spanish colonies in the Caribbean
  • Exchanged slaves for leather, sugar, ginger, & pearls
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5
Q

When did Hawkins start his second voyage?

A

In 1564

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6
Q

What did Hawkins do on his second voyage?

A
  • Raid West African coast
  • In Carribean, take 400 africans captive
  • Sold them to Spanish colonists (they knew this was illegal) but sometimes Hawkins threatened violence if they didn’t buy
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7
Q

What did the spanish colonists sometimes insist on from Hawkins?

A

A show of force from Hawkins so that they had an excuse to buy from him at a discounted price.

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8
Q

When was Hawkins’ third voyage and who led it?

A
  • In 1566
  • John Lovell & Francis Drake
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9
Q

How many africans were enslaved between 1562-1567?

A

Between 1200 & 1400 africans

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10
Q

When was Drake’s first time as a captain and what was his ship called?

A
  • In 1568
  • the Judith
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11
Q

Describe Drake’s first journey:

A
  • 2 out of 7 ships were given by Queen Elizabeth
  • Allied with 2 local chiefs, Sheri and Yhoma to besiege a village in modern-day Freetown (of Sierra Leone) and captured 250 people who they added to the 250 captives they already had.
  • 500 captives altogether set sail to the Carribean
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12
Q

Where did Hawkins & Drake anchor and why?

A
  • San Juan de Ulua due to huge storm which led to great damage to fleet
  • Anchored there to resupply and make repairs
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13
Q

What happened at San Juan de Ulua?

A

Despite negotiating a truce, they were attacked by Spanish warships and only 2 english ships, those of Drake and Hawkins, escaped.

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14
Q

What was the result of the San Juan de Ulua?

A
  • Debatable whether profit was made (some say thousands of pounds lost and put an end to slave trading for the next 70 years, however others say the treasure made it back to England).
  • After the 1568 voyage and due to the deterioration in Anglo-Spanish relations, the English switched to raiding Spanish colonies and piracy
  • Created fierce hatred among Hawkins and Drake against Spanish and a desire for revenge
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15
Q

When did Drake first return to the Carribean and why?

A
  • In 1570
  • looking to trade, plunder, increase knowledge of area
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16
Q

When was Drake’s first major expedition and what was the plan?

A
  • In 1572
  • Attack Panama as many ships loaded with gold and silver left the port of Nombre de Dios to return to Spain
  • Raided the town and shipping in the area for several months with French privateers, seizing tons of gold between them
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17
Q

Who were the cimarrons?

A

Former enslaved Africans with their own territory in their settlements after escaping Spanish rule and enslavement who were leading independent lives in their own settlements.

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18
Q

Who did Drake work with on his 1572 expedition and why were they an advantage?

A
  • Met Diego in Panama, a formerly enslaved African
  • Diego wanted to work with Drake, may have been because (in theory) slavery was illegal in England
  • Drake took Diego on as a crew member
  • Diego had extensive local knowledge and language skills
  • Helped Drake work with Cimarrons against the Spanish, capturing lots of Spanish gold and silver
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19
Q

Why was little said about Drake’s success with the Cimarrons?

A
  • Due to a temporary truce with King Philip II of Spain
  • However it made investors, including Elizabeth, eager to finance another expedition to the Americas
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20
Q

What was Drake’s original plan for circumnavigation?

A
  • Planned to explore the Atlantic coast of South America
  • Then sailling through the Straits of Magellan and up the Pacific coast to investigate trading, conquest and settlement opportunities in those Spain-occupied areas
  • Then return to England by same route
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21
Q

What change made Drake’s circumnavigation different from his original plan?

A
  • Spain pursuing an agressive policy in the Netherlands which Queen Elizabeth disapproved while English sailors were inspired by reports of rich Spain/portuguese colonies
  • Focus turned from Central America in the 1560s to South America (especially Brazil and Peru) by 1570s
22
Q

What was the name of the supposed northwest sea passage linking Atlantic and Pacific and why did Drake want to find it?

A
  • Strait of Anian
  • Investigate Martin Frobisher’s claim from 1576
  • Sped up time taken to travel between East Asia, a valuable place in which to trade in spices and silk, and northern Europe
23
Q

Who backed and opposed the voyage?

A

Backed:
* Hawkins brothers
* Members of the Privy Council such as Earl of Leicester, Sir Francis Walsingham, and Sir Christopher Hatton
Opposed:
* William Cecil because he was scared to prevent any open breach with Spain

24
Q

What were Drake’s crew initially told and what was their reaction after?

A
  • That they were travelling to Egypt to collect dried fruit
  • Told mid-Atlantic of true purpose which wasn’t received well, especially by the captain of the Elizabeth who said he wouldn’t have ever came if he had known their true destination
25
Q

What time period was Drake’s circumnavigation?

A

1577-1580

26
Q

What was the weight and name of Drake’s flagship and what was it later renamed?

A
  • The 160-ton Pelican
  • Later renamed to the Golden Hind in honour of Sir Christopher Hatton (whose family crest was a female deer known as a hind)
27
Q

What were the weight, names & number of crew on supporting ships of the fleet?

A
  • 80-ton Elizabeth with 45 man crew
  • 30-ton Marigold with 25 sailors
  • 2 smaller supply ships, the Benedict and the Swan
28
Q

What and where did Drake capture his first Spanish ship in his circumnavigation?

A

Captured a large spanish vessel of Morroco, renamed it Christopher, gave its Spanish crew the Benedict so that they could return back to land.

29
Q

Where and why did Drake’s fleet scatter and when did it resemble in his circumnavigation?

A
  • Scattered off the coast of Brazil due to storms
  • Reassembled in May 1578
30
Q

When did Drake’s fleet set out for his circumnavigation?

A
  • Initially set out on 15th November 1577 from Plymouth
  • Storm forced them back for repairs
  • Left Plymouth on 13th December instead
31
Q

What was Drake’s response to the poor journey across the Atlantic in his circumnavigation?

A

Decided to streamline the fleet so he sunk the Swan and abandoned the Christopher.

32
Q

Where did he first go on his circumnavigation and what happened?

A

Off the West coast of Africa, near the Cape Verde Islands, Drake captured a Portuguese merchant ship, the Santa Maria, which he renamed Mary.

33
Q

What did Drake take from the Mary (Santa Maria)?

A
  • A valuable collection of maps
  • A rutter which was a sailor’s book of written directions to help navigation (it included charts and drawings of shorelines, harbours, islands, channels, with notes about tides, landmarks, and reefs)
  • An astrolabe which was a navigational aid which used the stars and planets to find the latitude of a ship
  • Ship’s captain called Nuno da Silva who had considerable knowledge of navigation in the Americasn and knew about safe anchorages on the coast and where Drake could find land and water
34
Q

Where did drake spend the winter months and what was he awaiting?

A

Bay of San Julian where he was waiting for better weather which he needed to sail around Cape Horn.

35
Q

Who, when, & why did Drake execute?

A
  • Thomas Doughty, his co-commander
  • 2nd July 1578
  • During waiting through the winter months, Drake’s relationship with the crew became strained, particularly with his co-commander who questioned Drake’s authority and his deliberate acts of provocation against the Spanish once too often.
  • Drake accused him of mutiny and treason
36
Q

When did Drake’s fleet set off to pass through the Strait of Magellan and what had happened to its fleet?

A
  • August 1578
  • Marigold, Elizabeth, Golden Hind set off South
  • Left Mary behind as its rotting timbers were beyond repair and unseaworthy
37
Q

How long did it take to pass through the Strait of Magellan?

A

16 days

38
Q

How was Drake’s passage discovered?

A

In the Pacific, they faced fierce storms and it blew the Golden Hind far south into a vast expanse of ocean.

39
Q

What happened to the Elizabeth and Marigold?

A
  • 30-ton Marigold blown away - Never seen again along with its captain John Thomas
  • Elizabeth’s crew successfully begged the captain John Wynter to turn for home, who was fearing a mutiny, he did after several weeks waiting for favourable winds
40
Q

Why could Drake succesfully attack Spanish settlements?

A
  • They were virtually defenceless as they believed their remoteness meant they were safe from attack
  • His ship was seaworthy and well-armed
41
Q

What are two examples of successful places that Drake raided?

A
  • Valparaiso - captured more accurate navigation charts and Spanish ships. This portion of the Spanish Empire was almost defenseless and the arrival of Drake caused panic.
  • Callao - learned of the great spanish treasure ship the Neustra Senora de la Concepcion, which was almost unarmed so Drake caught up with it and they surrendered with little resistance. On board, Drake found gold and silver which was worth over £480 million.
42
Q

What was the name of the enslaved woman captured by Drake and what happened to her?

A
  • Maria
  • captured on 4 April 1579 off modern-day Guatemala from Spanish ship
  • sexually abused by the crew and became pregnant
  • abandoned heavily pregnant, in december 1579, on a small heavily wooded island in Indonesia
43
Q

What was an unsuccessful raid in Drake’s circumnavigation?

A
  • At Mocha Island, the landing party was attacked by the indigenous Mapuche people who lived ther and for a long time had resisted Spanish attempts to conquer them.
  • Drake and Diego were wounded here
44
Q

What did drake need to do to prepare to return to England?

A

Find a safe harbour

45
Q

What did Drake do before returning to England?

A
  • In July 1579, he found a protected natural harbour in what is now northern California
  • Met indigenous Miwok people there and it was a friendly encounter
  • Named area New Albion (unsuccesful as colony) and claimed the land for Queen Elizabeth
46
Q

When did Drake set off back to England?

A

23 July 1579

47
Q

What did Drake buy in the Maluku Islands?

A
  • 6 tons of cloves
  • welcomed by local chief who thought they could bring competition with his usual Portugeuse purchasers
48
Q

When did the golden hind round the Cape of Good Hope?

A

July 1580

49
Q

When did Drake return to Plymouth and how many crew did he have left?

A
  • 26 September 1580
  • 59 remaining crew members
  • Immensely valuable cargo of treasure and spices
50
Q

What was the result of Drake’s knighting?

A
  • Knighted on 4 April 1581
  • It was rare due to his humble background
  • brought honour to the seaman’s trade
  • Deliberately knighted by French ambassador to insult Spain
51
Q

What were the results of Drake’s circumnavigation?

A
  • Explored areas previously unkown to Europeans
    Philip II reinforced his territories with more colonists and troops
  • English expeditions in the early 1580s increasingly failing
  • Gave Spain a shock in an area they thought themselves to be untouchable

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