Drug

Question 1

1 first page ? What is a drug ?

Answer 1

any chemical which may alter the biological structure

which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body.

Question 2

1 EXAMPLES

Answer 2

PLANTS /Animals

Thyroid extract from animals
Morphine from plants

Question 3

1. Shape

Answer 3

Important for the drug to fit the receptor in order to sucessfully work

Chiral enantiomers often differ in thier ability to bind and work iwth rece[ors such as thalidomide

Question 4

2. Systemic effect

Answer 4

Key mechanisms

Active transport
- Requires a specific carrier
Includes naturally occurring polar include suagrs
Influence from gastric juice

Question 5

3. Pharmokinectics

Answer 5

What happens to the drug and the fate of drug ?

Absportion :

• With gut microbial it gains more recognition
• process which the drug moves from administration to systemic circulation
• Tablet passes from pH 1
• It needs to be stable to process pH 7
• Majority of absorption takes place here because of the large surface area .

Metabolism :
Occurs in the in the liver
Role is to enhance water solubility and ex credibility

Distribution :

• Reversible transfer of a drug and from the systemic ciruclation
• Compunds distribute out of the plama into the tissues
• pH is lower in the tissue than lower plama pH
• Hence basic compounds move out of the plama into the tissue

Excreation
Waster

Elimiantion

Question 6

3.Cynthrome p450

Answer 6

Cynthrome p450

Vital role in metabolism and in the synthesis of many molecules including steroid hormones and acids used to digests

Found in the mainlyliver cells and located in the endoplasmic reticulum

cynthrome -p450can help minimize the possibility of adverse drug reactions and interactions

Question 7

4. Pharmodynamics

Answer 7

effect of the drug on the body and mechanims of the action of the drug

Encompasses the physiological and biochemical effects

Drug targets receptors /enymes and ion channels

example - membrane bound proteins such as g proteins linked to serotinin

Aswell as involves dosage such as dosage threshold allowing a doctor to see the effects of drug

Question 8

Types of Administeration

Answer 8

Oral

-A

• Large area for absorption
• Slow action safer for risk drugs

D
Induce nausea for vomiting

Sublingual ( Kept under the tongue)

A - Rapid absoprtion
D- Only lipid soluble drug

Question 9

Drug toxixty

Answer 9

1. Key problem to avoid when developing and administrate drugs or medication
2. Paracetamol toxicity is on the rise , occurs by the depletion of the body oxidation stress causing damage to repletion pathways .

Grapefruit
- inactivates metabolising intestinal enzymes resulting in enhanced activity and toxicity .

Question 10

Bioadvability

Answer 10

Proportion of the drug in a dosage

Exaplain dosage threshold
doctors sue this