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Pharmacology > Drug Names > Flashcards

Drug Names Flashcards

1
Q

furosemide

A

lasix (loop)
Ind: HTN, edema, hyperCa
S/E: SULFA, OTOTOXICITY, hypoK, Ca, Mg, hyperglycemia & hyperuricemia (caution DM & gout)

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2
Q

mannitol

A

osmotic diuretic
Ind: intracranial HTN
S/E: pulmonary edema

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3
Q

acetazolamide

A

diuretic (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) –> NaHC03 diuresis
Ind: glaucoma, intracranial HTN
S/E: SULFA, kidney stones

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4
Q

bumetanide

A

bumex (loop) - similar ind/SE as furosemide

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5
Q

ethacrynic acid

A

loop diuretic like furosimide but NOT SULFA and can be used w/ gout

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6
Q

hydrochlorothiazide

A

thiazide diuretic
Ind: HTN, nephrogenic DI
SE: SULFA, hypoNa, hypoK, hyperCa, hyperuricemia & hyperglycemia (caution DM & gout)

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7
Q

chlorthalidone
indapamide
metolazone
chlorothiazide

A

other thiazide diuretics

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8
Q

spironolactone & eplerenone

A

potassium-sparing diuretics (weak) - may use w/ loop to minimize K loss
Ind: CHF, hyperaldosterone
SE: hyperK, metabolic acidosis, GYNECOMASTIA (anti-androgen effects)

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9
Q

vasopressin

A
  • drug version of antidiuretic hormone
  • acts on the kidneys and blood vessels
  • helps prevent loss of water by reducing urine output and helping kidneys reabsorb water
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10
Q

hydralazine / apresoline

minoxidil / loniten

A

peripheral vasodilator - tx HTN

  • alternative for CHF if no ACEI
  • safe in pregnancy
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11
Q 
doxazosin / cardura
prazosin / minipress
alfuzosin / uroxatral
silodosin / rapaflo
tamsulosin / flomax
terazosin / hytrin
A

alpha-blocker (causes BV to dilate)

TX: HTN, BPH

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12
Q

amlodipine

A

CCB

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13
Q

diltiazem hydrochloride / cardizem

A

CCB

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14
Q

nicardipine / cardene

nifedipine / procardia

A

CCB

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15
Q

verapamil hydrochloride

A

CCB

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16
Q

methyldopa

A

alpha-2 receptor agonist

  • works on central nervous system to lower BP
  • safe in pregnancy
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17
Q

Uloric (febuxostat)

A

treat high uric acid levels in gout (indicated if can’t use allopurinol or not controlled w/ it)

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18
Q

fosamax / alendronate

A

bisphosphonate

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19
Q

phenazopyridine / pyridium

A 
bladder analgesic (turns urine orange)
-don't use more than 48hrs --> SE methemoglobinuria, hemolytic uremia
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20
Q

sildenafil / viagra
tadalafil / cialis
vardenafil

A

phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors for ED

-tadalafil (Cialis) has 24-74 hr of duration (others 3 hours)

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21
Q

midodrine

pseudoephedrine

A

alpha agonists

increase urethral sphincter tone

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22
Q

oxybutynin / ditropan

A

anticholinergic (and antispasmodic)

-for urge incontinence (relax detrussor muscles)

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23
Q

leuprolide

A

GnRH agonist - used to treat prostate cancer

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24
Q

olopatadine / patanol

A 
topical antihistamine (H1 blocker) 
-allergic conjunctivitis
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25
Q

pheniramine/naphazoline / naphcon A

A

antihistamine/decongestant

-(topical? for allergic conjunctivitis)

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26
Q

Biaxin (Clarithromycin), Zithromax (Azithromycin), Dificid (Fidoximycin), and Erythromycin

A

macrolides

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27
Q

alendronate
risedronate
(IV: xoledronic acid, pamidronate)

A

bisphosphonates

  • inhibit osteoclast activity (dec bone resorption/turnover)
  • take w/ 8 oz water, 1-2 hrs before meals, ASA, Ca, Mg, antacids
  • risk of esophagitis so don’t lay down after dose
  • SE: nephrotoxicity, thrombocytopenia, atypical femur frx, jaw osteonecrosis
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28
Q

pilocarpine

A

cholinergic, inc lacrimation and salivation (SE diaphoresis, flush, sweat, bradycardia, D/N/V, incontinence, blurred vision)

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29
Q

etanercept / enbrel
infliximab / remicade
adalimumab / humira

A

TNF inhibitors (avoid w/ pat w/ active or chronic infx an patients with MS)

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30
Q

hydroxychloroquine / plaquenil

A

inhibits RF and acute phase reactants, immunosuppress

-RETINAL TOXICITY (fundo exam q6-12 mo), smoking reduces effects

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31
Q

octreotide

A

somatostatin analog (somatostatin suppresses release of GI hormones and growth hormones in CNS)

  • used in management of growth-hormone producing tumors (acromegaly, gigantism), some pituitary tumors as well as flushing/diarrhea assoc w/ carcinoid syndrome and VIP secreting tumors
  • also used for BLEEDING ESOPHAGEAL VARICES (dec splanchnic circulation)
32
Q

misoprostol

A

moa: prostaglandin E1 analog that inc bicarb & mucus secretion, reduces acid production

  • good for preventing NSAID-induced ulcers but not for healing ulcers
  • also used to keep ductus arteriosus patent

-c/i: premenopausal women bc abortifacent & causes cervical ripening

33
Q

antacids

A

moa: neutralize acid, prevent conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin
- systemic: calcium carbonate / tums (s/e: acid rebound, milk alkali syndrome)

  • nonsystemic:
  • milk of magnesia - may cause D
  • amphogel / aluminum hydroxide - may cause C
  • maalox / Mg + aluminum hydroxide
  • mylaanta / Mg + aluminum hydroxide + simethicone
34
Q

bismuth compounds

A

pepto-bismol and kaopectate

  • antibacterial and cytoprotective
  • salicylate: anti-secretory & anti-inflam properties
  • s/e: darkening of stool/tongue, C
  • c/i: children w/ viral illness (salicylate assoc w/ inc risk of Reye syndrome)
  • REYE SYND: hepatoencephalopathy assoc w/ ASA/salicylate use after viral illness –> inc ICP (V, stupor, coma, death), hepatomegaly and fulminant liver failure
35
Q

sucralfate / carafate

A

moa: cytoprotective (viscous adhesive ulcer coat, promote healing, protects)

  • s/e: metallic taste, C/N
  • d/i: may reduce bioavailability of PPI, H2, FQ when given simultaneously
36
Q

lactulose

A

hepatic encephalopathy
= decreased liver clearance of accumulated ammonia from protein breakdown
-lactulose is converted by intestinal bacteria into lactic acid, pulling ammonia into gut
-SE diarrhea

37
Q

rifaximin

A

hepatic encephalopathy
= decreased liver clearance of accumulated ammonia from protein breakdown
-abx that decreases the ammonia-producing flora
(neomycin 2nd line)

38
Q

cholestyramine

A

bile acid sequestrant that reduces bile salts in skin, leading to less irritation
LIVER-RELATED PRURITUS

39
Q

diphenoxylate/atropine (lomotil)

A

OPIOID AGONIST moa: binds to gut wall opioid receptors, inhibits peristalsis (subtherapeutic atropine added to discourage opioid OD or misuse)

  • SE: CNS, anticholinergic, N/V/abd pain
  • OPIATES CAUSE CONSTIPATION, SLOW GI TRACT

USE: NONINVASIVE DIARRHEA (no F, non bloody)

40
Q

loperamide (immodium)

A

OPIOID AGONIST moa: binds to gut wall opioid receptors, inhibits peristalsis, INC ANAL SPHINCTER TONE

USE: NONINVASIVE DIARRHEA (no F, non bloody)

SE: AVOID PT W/ ACUTE DYSENTERY (bloody stools, high fever) or colitis

41
Q

ONDANSETRON
GRANISETRON
DOLASETRON

A

ANTIEMETICS (vomiting usually due to an imbalance of serotonin, ACh, dopa, histamine)

moa: blocks serotonin receptors
SE: HA, sedation, bloating, D/C, PROLONGED QT INTERVAL, ARRHYTHMIAS

42
Q

PROCHLORPERAZINE (compazine)
PROMETHAZINE (phenergan)
METOCLOPRAMIDE (reglan)

A

DOPAMINE BLOCKERS
ANTIEMETICS (vomiting usually due to an imbalance of serotonin, ACh, dopa, histamine)

  • SE: QT PROLONGATION, ANTICHOLINERGIC & ANTIHISTAMINE
  • EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SX, DYSTONIC RX, PARKINSONISM
43
Q

paromomycin, diloxanide furoate, diiodohydroxyquin

A

intraluminal antiparasitc agent

-AMEBIASIS

44
Q

Misoprostol

A

Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog that replaces the protective prostaglandins consumed with prostaglandin-inhibiting therapies (e.g., NSAIDs).

-uses: NSAID GI ULCER PREVENTION, constipation, CERVICAL RIPENING, ABORTION

BBW: Use of misoprostol during pregnancy may cause abortion, birth defects, or premature birth. Uterine rupture has been reported when used to induce labor after the eighth week of pregnancy. Misoprostol is not to be used to reduce nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medication-induced ulcers in a woman of childbearing potential

45
Q

methimazole or PropylThioUracil (PTU)

A

tx for HYPERTHYROID (2nd line to radioactive iodine)

moa: inhibit hormone synthesis
SE: AGRANULOCYTOSIS (monitor WBC), HEPATITIS

-methimazole preferred bc less side effects but
PTU PREFERRED IN PREGNANCY (ESP 1ST TRI)

46
Q

cabergoline or bromocriptine

A

HYPERPROLACTINEMIA

  • dopamine agonists
  • SE: orthostatic hypotension, dizzy, N, fatigue (cabergoline has less)
47
Q

metformin

A

BIGUANIDES

  • moa: decreases hepatic glucose production, increases peripheral glucose utilization
  • dec GI glucose absorption, inc insulin sensitivity
  • NO EFFECT ON BETA CELLS –> NO HYPOGLYCEMIA, NO WEIGHT GAIN

SE: LACTIC ACIDOSIS (not given if hepatic or renal impaired Cr >1.5 or GFR <45), DIARRHEA (take w/ food), metallic taste, MACROCYTIC ANEMIA (dec B12 absorption)

*should be stopped 24hr before given iodinated contrast and resumed 48h after w/ monitoring of creatinine

48
Q

Glipizide / Glucotrol

Glimepiride / Amaryl

A

SULFONYLUREAS
-secreteogogues (stim B cell secretion of insulin)

SE: HYPOGLYCEMIA MC SE - highest risk of non-insulin meds

  • WEIGHT GAIN, GI UPSET, cardiac dysrhythmias
  • DISULFIRAM REACTION
  • sulfa allergy not really a concern (if antimicrobial allergy, risk is minimal bc dif fx groups)
49
Q

Repaglinide / Prandin

Nateglinide / Starlix

A

MEGLITINIDES “Glinides”
-stimulates pancreatic beta cell insulin release (secretagogue)

  • SE: HYPOGLYCEMIA (less than sulfonylureas), WG
  • dosed w/ meals to target post-prandial glucose excursion
50
Q

Acarbose / Precose

Miglitol / Glyset

A

alpha-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS

  • delays intestinal glucose absorption (inhibits pancreatic alpha-amylase and intestinal a-glucosidase hydrolase)
  • doesn’t affect insulin secretion
  • SE: HEPATITIS (inc LFTs), GI: D/gas/abd pain (caution w/ pt w/ IBD, gastroparesis)
  • weight neutral, no hypoglycemia
51
Q

Pioglitazone / Actos

Rosiglitazone / Avandia

A

THIAZOLIDINEDIONES

  • increase insulin sensitivity @ peripheral receptor site –> adipose & muscle tissues
  • no effect on pancreatic beta cells

SE: FLUID RETENTION, EDEMA (NO IF CHF), hepatoxicity, frx, CARDIOVASCULAR TOXICITY W/ AVANDIA (MI)

  • INC BLADDER CA RISK W/ PIOGLITAZONE
  • no hypoglycemia
  • no dose adjustment for CKD/ESRD
52
Q 
Daily: intense post-prandial effect
		-Byetta / Exenatide 
		-Victoza / Liraglutide 
Weekly: post-prandial and fasting effects
		-Trulicity / Dulaglutide 
		-Bydureon / Exenatide 
		-Albiglutide 
		-Ozempic / Semaglutide
A

GLP-1 AGONISTS (glucocon-like peptide)

  • mimics incretin –> inc insulin secretion; dec glucagon secretion
  • injectable incretin agents w/ pharmacologic effects
  • glucose-dependent stim of insulin secretion and suppression of glucagon
  • WL

SE: HYPOGLYCEMIA (less than sulfonylureas - glucose-dependent), pancreatitis, decrease appetite
-C/I IF HX OF GASTROPARESIS (delays gastric emptying)

(don’t use w/ DPP-4 inhib - same pathway)

53
Q

Januvia / Sitagliptin
Onglyza / Saxagliptin
Tradjenta / Linagliptin

A

DPP-4 INHIBITORS

  • dipeptideylpeptase inhibition –> inhibition of degradation of GLP-1 –> inc GLP-1
  • true “incretin” oral agents
  • targets post-prandial rise in glucose
  • inhibit DPP-4 that degrades GLP-1 and GIP
  • potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion (B cells) and suppresses glucose-dependent glucagon secretion (alpha cells)
  • WL

SE: PANCREATITIS (BBW), renal failure, GI sx

(don’t use w/ GLP-1 Agonists - same pathway)

54
Q

Invokana / Canagliflozin
Jardiance / Empagliflozin
Farxiga / Dapagliflozin
Steglatro / Ertugliflozin

A

SGLT-2 INHIBITORS

  • lowers renal glucose threshold –> INC URINARY GLUCOSE EXCRETION
  • osmotic diuresis promotes mild volume contraction w/ decreased SBP
  • WL from glycosuria
  • no hypoglycemia or usual GI side effects

-SE: thirst, nausea, abd pain, UTIs, dehydration

55
Q

Lispro (Humalog)

Aspart (Novolog)

A

RAPID-ACTING INSULIN - given w/ meal

onset: 5-15 min
peak: 1 hour
duration: 3-4 hours

56
Q

Regular (Humulin-R)

A

SHORT-ACTING INSULIN - given 30-60 min before meal

onset: 30-60 min
peak: 2-4 hours
duration: 4-6 hours

57
Q

NPH (Humulin N, Novolin N)

Lente (Humulin L, Novolin L)

A

INTERMEDIATE-ACTING INSULIN - covers insulin for about half-day or over night (NPH often given at bedtime)

onset: 2-4 hours
peak: 4-12 hours
duration: 16-20 hours

58
Q

Detemir (Levemir)

Glargine (Lantus)

A

LONG-ACTING INSULIN - basal, covers for 1 full day
-glargine fewer hypoglycemic episodes than NPH

Detemir (Levemir)

onset: 6-8 hr
peak: 12-16 hr
duration: 20-30 hours

Glargine (Lantus)

onset: 4 hr
peak: none
duration: 24-36 hours

59
Q

Humulin 70/30 (NPH/reg)
Novalin 70/30
Novolog 70/30 (NPH, aspart)
Humulin 50/50

A

PRE-MIXED - generally given twice daily before mealtime

60
Q

Clozapine

A

anti-psycotic

SE:
BBW Agranulocytosis, severe neutropenia
Seizures
Myocarditis
Increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis
61
Q

cryoprecipitate (infusion) contents

A

Factor VIII, XIII, von Willebrand factor (vWF), fibrinogen and fibronectin.

62
Q

Warfarin

A

Oral anticoagulant
Blocks synthesis of II, VII, IX, X (clotting factors), protein C and protein S
Monitor for bleeding
Monitor for drug interactions
Monitor skin for necrosis
Monitor PT/INR
Reverse with vitamin K, consider fresh frozen plasma (FFP) for any life-threatening bleed

63
Q 
Zidovudine (Retrovir)
Emtricitabine (Emtriva)
Abacavir (Ziagen)
Lamivudine (3TC/Epivir)
Didanosine (ddl)
Zalcitabine (ddC)
Stavudine (d4T)
Tenofivir (Viread)
A

HIV
NRTIs = nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor

moa: inhibits viral replication by interfering w/ HIV viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase

SE: PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, PANCREATITIS, hepatitis

  • ZIDOVUDINE –> BM SUPPRESSION, myopathy
  • EMTRICITABINE –> depigmentation of palms/soles
64
Q 
Efavirenz (Sustiva)
Delavirdine (Rescriptor)
Etravirine (Intelence)
Nevirapine (Viramune)
Pilpivirine (Edurant)
A

HIV
NNRTIs = non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

moa: inhibits viral replication by interfering w/ HIV viral RNA-dependent DNA polyerase

SE: rash
-EFAVIRENZ - CAUSES VIVID DREAMS, DEPRESSION, NEURO DISTURBANCES

65
Q 
Atazanavir (Reyataz)
Darunavir (Prezista)
Lopinavir + Ritonavir (Kaletra)
Nelfinavir (Viracept)
Indinavir (Crixivan)
Ritonavir (Norvir)
Fosamprenavir (Lexiva)
Saquinavir (Invirase)
A

HIV
PI = Protease Inhibitor

moa: inhibits HIV protease, leading to production of noninfectious, immature HIV particles

SE: N/V/D, LIPODYSTROPHY, HYPERLIPIDEMIA

  • INDINAVIR ASSOC W/ RENAL STONES
  • Ritonavir assoc w/ paresthesias
66
Q

Raltegravir (Isentress)

Dolutegravir (Tivicay)

A

HIV
Integrase Inhibitors

moa: prevents insertion of a DNA copy of the viral genome into the host DNA

SE: HYPERLIPIDEMIA, n/v/d, ha, hyperglycemia

67
Q

Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon)

A

HIV
Fusion Inhibitor

moa: disrupts the virus from fusing w/ healthy T cells

SE: HYPERLIPIDEMIA, GI sx

68
Q

Maraviroc (Seizentry)

A

HIV
CCR5 Antagonist

moa: blocks viral entry into WBCs

SE: rash, cough

69
Q

MIFEPRISTONE + MISOPROSTOL

A

medical abortion up to 9 wks

  • mifepristone is progestin antagonist (endometrium can’t maintain and sloughs off)
  • misoprostol is prostaglandin analog (uterine contractions)
70
Q

METHOTREXATE + MISOPROSTOL

A

medical abortion up to 7 wks

  • methotrexate is folic acid antagonist
  • misoprostol is prostaglandin analog (uterine contractions) (given 3-7 days after)
71
Q

LEUPROLIDE

A

GnRH agonist if given pulsatile (natural way body does) used in infertility

GnRH antagonist if given continuously –> uterine fibroids (dec estro), prostate cancer (dec tt), DUB, PMS

SE: hot flashes, depression, osteopenia if continuous

72
Q

CLOMIPHENE

A
  • stim gonadotropin secretion
  • partial estrogen receptor agonist (stim ovulation via hypothalamus) –> inc LH/FSH release

Ind: induces ovulation in patients w/ infertility or PCOS

73
Q

PROGESTIN

A

Progesterone receptor agonist –> dec endometrial proliferation, stabilizes endometrium, thickens mucus

Ind: safe OCP in lactating women, abnormal uterine bleeding, endometrial hyperplasia

SE: bone loss

74
Q

Estrogen Only

A

Estrogen receptor agonist

-NOT USED ORALLY IN WOMEN W/ INTACT UTERUS (INC RISK ENDO CANCER)

Ind: hypogonadism/ovarian failure, HRT for menopause

75
Q

Danazol

A

Hypoestrogenic and hyperandrogenic –> endometrial atrophy

SE: due to inc TT —> weight gain, acne, hirsutism, virilization

Ind: ENDOMETRIOSIS (suppress LH/FSH production), fibrocystic breast disease, hereditary angioedema

76
Q

Tamoxifen

A

Selective estrogen receptor modulator
-estrogen antagonist in breast; estrogen agonist in endometrium and bone, liver and coagulation system

Ind: breast cancer adjuvant, BREAST CA PREVENTION in high risk

SE: INC RISK ENDOMETRIAL CANCER, INC DVT, induces menopause

77
Q

Raloxifene

A

Estrogen antagonist in breast AND endometrium; estrogen agonist in bone

Ind: POSTMENO OSTEOPOROSIS PREVENTION, BREAST CANCER PREVENTION

SE: weight gain, acne, hirsutism, virilization, inc DVT

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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