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ABDOMEN > DV of Abdomen and GIT > Flashcards

DV of Abdomen and GIT Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial and caudal folding ‘divides’ the gut into 3 parts:

A

-foregut
-midgut
-hindgut

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2
Q

Foregut:

A

-endodermally-lined
-within head fold

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3
Q

Hindgut

A

-endodermally-lined

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4
Q

Midgut:

A

-between foregut and hindgut
-continuous with yolk sac

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5
Q

What are the general derivatives in an adult form the foregut?

A

-pharynx
-glands of pharyngeal pouches
-respiratory tract
-esophagus
-stomach
-liver, gall bladder, pancreas
-upper duodenum

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6
Q

What are the general derivatives in an adult form the midgut?

A

-lower duodenum
-jejunum and ileum
-cecum
-ascending colon
-cranial half of transverse colon

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7
Q

What are the general derivatives in an adult form the hindgut?

A

-caudal half of transverse colon
-descending colon
-rectum
-anal canal

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8
Q

What are the ectodermal indentation and depression?

A

-stomedeum
-proctodeum

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9
Q

Stomedeum:

A

-ectodermal indentation
-head region
*blind end of foregut lies apposed to it

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10
Q

Proctodeum:

A

-ectodermal depression
-in contact with endodermal end of hindgut

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11
Q

What suspends the embryonic gut due to lateral body folding?

A

-dorsal and ventral mesenteries( not in esophagus and anal canal)
>double folds of mesothelium
*caudal to start of SI the ventral mesentery atrophies

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12
Q

What is between the folds of the dorsal mesentery?

A

-vascular, lymphatic and nerve supply

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13
Q

What is the alimentary tract?

A

-esophagus to anus
*molecular interactions between endoderm and mesoderm determine development

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14
Q

What in the digestive tract arises from endoderm?

A

-epithelium
-glands

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15
Q

What in the digestive tract arises from splanchnic mesoderm:

A

-smooth muscle
-connective tissue

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16
Q

What are the 4 histological layers that arise?

A

-mucosa and submucosa (endoderm origin)
-tunica muscularis and serosa (splanchnic mesoderm origin)

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17
Q

Esophagus:

A

-from tracheal groove to the dilation of the foregut (primordial stomach)
-endoderm is surrounded by somatic mesoderm of head ->develop into skeletal muscle=SPECIES DEPENDENT
*columnar to stratified squamous (keratinization in herbivores)

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18
Q

Ruminants and dogs esophagus:

A

-entirely striated muscle around esophagus

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19
Q

Horses esophagus:

A

-last third of muscle is smooth

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20
Q

Cats and other carnivores esophagus:

A

-some smooth muscle in terminal portion
>then mostly striated

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21
Q

Porcine esophagus:

A

-mostly striated
-short portion near stomach is smooth muscle

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22
Q

Dorsal and ventral mesogastria:

A

-attaches the fusiform expansion of the caudal end of the foregut to the dorsal and ventral abdominal walls

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23
Q

What causes a greater dorsal and lesser ventral one?

A

-dorsal part of stomach grows faster than ventral
*faster growth at cranial end produces a fundus portion

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24
Q

What are the 2 partial rotations of the stomach?

A

-90 degree to left about cranial-caudal axis
-45degree angle in anti-clockwise direction about dorsal-ventral axis

25
Q

Carnivores, horses and pigs stomach:

A

-simple
-single compartment w/different regions

26
Q

Ruminants simple stomach gives rise to 4 chambered structure:

A

> rumen
reticulum
omasum
abomasum

27
Q

Ruminant stomach early in development (30days):

A

-gastric primordium is similar to monogastric animal
*shortly afterwards, fundic region extends cranially and becomes primordia of rumen and reticulum
-embryonic omasum from evagination on lesser curvature
>caudal to it=future abomasum

28
Q

Rumino-reticulum primordium undergoes:

A

-greater growth than other regions
>become separated by a rumino-reticular groove
*continues to grow and divides partially into 2 compartments: become dorsal and ventral sacs

29
Q

Embryonic rumen will rotate dorsally and caudally about 150degrees displacing:

A

-other gastric compartments and intestines to right side of abdominal cavity

30
Q

Liver develops as a:

A

-hollow ventral sac from caudal part of the foregut

31
Q

Hepatic primordium growth pattern:

A

-cranio-ventral pattern into ventral mesogastrium and even into septum transversum

32
Q

Endodermal epithelial cells of hepatic portion of liver grow and form:

A

plates
>induced to develop further by hepatic growth factor (HGF)

33
Q

What will the expanding liver become covered by?

A

-mesoderm from septum transversum
>forms a capsule and peritoneal coverings

34
Q

Coronary ligament of liver:

A

-attaches liver to centre of diaphragm

35
Q

Lateral ligaments of liver:

A

-attaches liver to body wall laterally

36
Q

Lesser omentum:

A

-mesoderm of septum transversum and ventral mesogastrium
>between liver and lesser curvature of the stomach

37
Q

Falciform ligament:

A

-mesoderm between liver and ventral abdominal walls

38
Q

Pancreas develops as:

A

*outgrowth of caudal foregut
-dorsal pancreatic bud
-ventral pancreatic bud

39
Q

Dorsal pancreatic bud:

A

-develops first between layers of dorsal mesogastrium

40
Q

Ventral pancreatic bud:

A

-arises from liver sac near its origin and within ventral mesogastrium

41
Q

What happens to the pancreas when the stomach and intestine rotate?

A

-ventral and dorsal buds overlap and fuse=single structure with body and L+R lobes
>L: cranial, originally dorsal
>R. caudal, originally ventral

42
Q

What joins to form the common bile duct (opens into duodenum)?

A

-duct of ventral lobe (or pancreatic duct)
-bile duct

43
Q

Midgut loop:

A

-ventral mesentery of midgut and hindgut atrophies=allows midgut to elongate

44
Q

Descending limb of (midgut) loop forms:

A

-distal parts of duodenum
-jejunum
-part of ileum

45
Q

Ascending loop of (midgut) loop forms:

A

-terminal part of ileum
-caecum
-ascending colon
-proximal part of transverse colon

46
Q

Physiological umbilical herniation:

A

-midgut loop increases in size and moves into part of extra-embryonic coelom (umbilical sac)
*NORMAL
>will return to abdominal cavity once it has grown and enlarged

47
Q

Descending limb growth:

A

-increases in length
-produces a series of coiled loops within umbilical sac

48
Q

Ascending limb growth:

A

-slower
-develops ceacum

49
Q

What distinguishes intestines of domestic species?

A

-length and associated positions of ascending colon

50
Q

Ascending colon of ruminants:

A

-increases in size and ascending colon lengthens and forms a loop
>suspended by mesocolon (dorsal mesentery)
-coils as it lengthens

51
Q

Ruminants ascending colon coils:

A

-centripetally (toward center) then centrifugally (to periphery)
-first conical then in CIRCULAR ARRANGEMENT IN A SINGLE PLANE
-2 to 4 months gestations

52
Q

Porcine ascending colon:

A

-similar to ruminants, but coils remain in a CONE-SHAPED arrangement
-2 months

53
Q

Taenia (bands) of ascending colon:

A

-outer longitudinal muscle layer
>causes puckering of caecum and of centripetal coils

54
Q

Where is the site for cellulose digestion of horses?

A

-large intestine
*ceacum and colon are much larger

55
Q

Equine ascending colon:

A

-elongates, but does NOT coil

56
Q

Urorectal septum:

A

-divides cloaca
-will fuse with cloacal membrane (divides it)
-give rise to perineal body (fibromuscular mass)

57
Q

Cloacal membrane divided due to urorectal septum:

A

-anal membrane (dorsally)
-urogenital membrane (ventrally(

58
Q

Imperforated anus (atresia ani):

A

-result of failure of anal membrane to break down during development
-common in cattle and pigs

59
Q

Omphalocoele:

A

-embryonic hernia that occurs in umbilicus
-when intestinal loop fails to return to abdominal cavity from umbilical sac
-may be genetic
-corrected surgically

ABDOMEN (8 decks)

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