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History of Earth and Life > E+L EXAM FIVE > Flashcards

E+L EXAM FIVE Flashcards

1
Q

What new animal became present at the beginning of the Cenozoic era?

A

Whales

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2
Q

when did the Cenozoic era begin?

A

65 M.Y.A

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3
Q

what organism did sand dollars evolve from?

A

Sea biscuit

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4
Q

when were the most modern order of mammals present?

A

Early Eocene

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5
Q

when did bats become present in the fossil record?

A

Early Eocene

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6
Q

name 3 odd-toed ungulates

A

horses, tapirs, rhinos

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7
Q

name 3 even-toed ungulates

A

sheep, pigs, cattle

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8
Q

when did carnivores evolve?

A

Eocene

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9
Q

when did the earliest horses appear in the fossil record?

A

the end of the paleocene

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10
Q
  • Doglike
    – Size of small bears
A

Mesonychids

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11
Q
  • Huge flightless
    birds
    – Clawed feet and
    slicing beaks
A

Diatrymas

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12
Q

how did Paleogene birds move around?

A

they mostly waded
few had the ability of flight.

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13
Q
  • Very warm interval at
    Paleocene-Eocene
    boundary
    – Abrupt shift in oxygen
    isotope ratios in planktonic
    and benthic organisms
    – >70% of foraminifera
    extinct
A

Paleogene thermal maximum

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14
Q

describe the climate change during the Paleogene thermal maximum

A
  • Rapid temperature increase
  • England was tropical
  • Carbon isotopes shifted to lower values
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15
Q
  • Basins form on eastern flank of uplifts
    – Anticline uplifts
    – Easternmost uplift
    formed Black Hills
A
  • Laramide orogeny
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16
Q

what is the largest estuary in the
world?

A

Chesapeake Bay.

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17
Q

the gulf of Mexico exhibits what type of oceanic movement over time?

A

Oligocene regression

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18
Q

when did the European alps BEGIN forming?

A

45 M.Y.A

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19
Q

What evidence do we have that Paleogene cooling ocurred?

A

Leaf margins

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20
Q

what event allowed the glaciation/freezing of Antarctica to begin?

A

the separation of Antarctica from south America allows for a circumpolar current

21
Q

when did the Oligocene epoch end?

A

24 million years ago

22
Q

what are the epochs that comprise the Paleogene period?

A
  • Paleocene
  • Eocene
  • Oligocene
23
Q

what are the epochs that comprise the Neogene period?

A

Miocene
Pliocene

24
Q

what is c4 photosynthesis?

A

a fuel injection system for
photosynthesis that increases the rate of leaf sugar
production in hot climates

25
Q

how do mountains give us evidence of the ice age?

A

lower parts of mountains are smooth due to glaciers carving away while the tops are jagged because the glaciers could not reach the top

26
Q

what happens to O18 levels during glaciation?

A

they are enriched

27
Q

how did the ice age impact climates globally?

A
  • increased aridity
  • steepened temperature gradients
  • Sahara expanded/rainforests restricted (gorilla species isolated)
28
Q

why did ice age glaciation begin?

A

isthmus of Panama began modern ocean current circulation.

29
Q

how does orbital precession impact glaciation periods?

A

When tilt cycle is
farthest from vertical,
high latitudes are
coolest

30
Q
A
31
Q

when did glaciers begin to retreat?

A

15,000 years ago

32
Q

who colonized north america and when?

A
  • the clovis people
  • 11,000 years ago
33
Q

_____ provided gauge for sea level change

A

Corals

34
Q

where did agriculture first develop?

A

Zagros mountains

35
Q

what are the two theories behind the large mammal extinction (12,000-10,000) years ago?

A
  • Overkill Hypothesis: Human hunting largely killed off large mammals
  • Climate change: habitat change, from grasslands to prairies
36
Q

where did regression take place during the early Neogene period?

A

Texas

37
Q

where did transgression take place during the early Neogene period?

A

New jersey

38
Q

what is the temperature predicted to do in the future and what is that predicated upon

A

rise, dependent upon co2 concentrations.

39
Q

list three ways global warming will impact the planet

A
  1. changes in plant communities
  2. rain patterns change and result in desertification
  3. sea level rise could destroy wetlands
40
Q

name two landscapes that were created by uplift and igneous activity

A
  • rocky mountains
  • Columbia river plateau
41
Q

how were the Sierra Nevada mountains created?

A

Block faulting

42
Q

how was the great valley (CA) Formed?

A
  • Eroded Sierra Nevada plutons
  • block faulting
43
Q

describe the movement of explosive volcanism in North America

A

Northeastward movement through Oregon, Idaho, Utah now associated with the Yellowstone hotspot

44
Q

what process formed the Himalayas?

A

Indian craton colliding with Eurasia

45
Q

what plate was subducted during the creation of the Himalayas

A

the Indian plate

46
Q

this animal was the intermediate between apes and humans

A

Australopithecines

47
Q

name three consequences of glacial melting

A
  • changed continental drainage
  • the American SW became much more dry
  • freeze/thaw cycles generated unusual patterned ground.
48
Q

name the four Pleistocene glacial advances from youngest to oldest.

A

YOUNGEST:
- Wisconsinan.
- Illinoian.
- Kansan.
- Nebraskan.

49
Q

explain how oxygen isotope ratios relate to temperature of glacial events

A
  • Higher 18O/16O = colder.
    – Lower 18O/16O = warmer.

History of Earth and Life (5 decks)

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