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Histo Exam 4 > Ear > Flashcards

Ear Flashcards

1
Q

external ear composed of what strutures

A

auricle

external auditory meatus

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2
Q

auricle characteristics

A

irregularly shaped internal plate - elastic cartilage

thin skin with hair & sebaceous glands

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3
Q

external auditory meatus outer half is supported by

A

elastic cartilage

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4
Q

external auditory meatus inner half

A

tunnel in temporal bone

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5
Q

characteristics of the external auditory meatus

A

thin skin lines entire meatus & outer surface of ear drum
large sebacceous glands
coiled tubuloalveolar ceruminous glands

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6
Q

ear wax is a mixture of

A

ceruminous & sebaceous secretions & desquamated meatal cells

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7
Q

middle ear structures

A

tympanic cavity
oval and round window
ossicles

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8
Q

the tympanic cavity houses _____ & is connected to teh pharynx by the _______

A

ossicles

eustachian tube

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9
Q

the tympanic cavity is lined by a __________ epithelium that changes to ___________ epithelium near the opening to the auditory tube

A

simple squamous epithelium to

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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10
Q

what are the oval and round windows

A

small, membrane-covered regions devoid of bone

separate middle ear from the bony labyrinth of inner ear

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11
Q

what are the ossicles

A

malleus
incus
stapes

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12
Q

what is the function of the ossicles

A

transmits tympanic membrane movements to oval window

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13
Q

structures in the inner ear

A

semicircular canals (which have semicircular ducts)
cochlea
membranous labryinth
vestibular hair cells

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14
Q

the inner ear is a fluid-filled _______ labyrinth that is housed within a ____ labryinth

A

membranous labryinth housed within a bony labrythinth

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15
Q

fluid in membranous labryinth is

A

endolymph

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16
Q

fluid in bony labryinth but outside of the membranous labyrinth is the

A

perilymph

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17
Q

is perilymph similar to or different when compared to extracellular fluid

A

similar but with low protein content

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18
Q

semicircular canals contain what

A

semicircular ducts of membranous labyrinth
vestibule contains perilymph
saccule & utricle (contain endolymph)

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19
Q

the cochlea winds around how many times

A

2.5 x

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20
Q

what does the cochlea wind around? (bony core called)

A

cochlea wraps around a modiolus that has blood vessels and spiral ganglion

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21
Q

what is the spiral ligament

A

thickened periosteum

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22
Q

cochlea is divided into three spaces:

A

scala vestibuli
scala tympani
(filled with perilymph)

scala media (cochlear duct)

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23
Q

membranous labryinth is filled with

A

endolymph

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24
Q

endolymph is similar to

A

intracellular fluid
has low Na and protein
has high K content

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25
Q

Saccule and utricle are located in what structure

how would you describe them?

A

vestibule

sac-like bodies of connective tissue lined by simple squamous epithelium

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26
Q

what are endolymphatic sacs

A

starts with a duct off of the saccule or utricle

any two ducts that join form the endolymphatic sac

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27
Q

what are the maculae

A

specialized regions with 2 types of neuroepithelial hair cells
located within in the saccule & utricle

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28
Q

neuroepithelial cells have what structures arranged how

A

neuroepithelial cells have 50-100 rigid stereocilia arranged in rows and a single cilium (kinocilium)

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29
Q

cilia extend from the apical surface of the hair cells to what structure

A

an overlying gelatinous layer called the otolithic membrane

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30
Q

describe type I hair cells

A

bulbar shape with round nucleus

surrounded by cup-shaped afferent nerve ending

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31
Q

describe type II hair cells

A

columnar with round basal nucleus

contact small afferent nerves terminals with synaptic vesicles

32
Q

describe support cells

A

columnar with round basally-located nucleus

prominent terminal web

33
Q

otolithic membrane’s thick gelatinous layer is composed of what molecules

A

glycoproteins

34
Q

otolithic membrane’s small calcfied particles are called what

A

otoliths or otoconia

35
Q

the function of the otolithic membrane is

A

to function in detection of linear acceleration

36
Q

semicircular ducts arise from what structure

A

arise from the utricle

37
Q

what is the ampullae

A

dilated area of semicircular ducts near junction with the utricle

38
Q

specialized sensory areas in ampullae

A

cristae ampullares

39
Q

the cristae ampullares are similar to the maculae, but how are they different?

A

thicker, cone-shaped glycoprotein layer (cupula) without otoliths

40
Q

what is the function of the cristae ampullares

A

detect angular acceleration of the head along any of the three axes

41
Q

endolymphatic duct leads to what structure

A

endolymphatic sac

42
Q

the endolymphatic sac is lined with

A

columnar cells with irregularly shaped nucleus and columnar cells with long microvilli

may find macrophages/neutrophils in the lumen that function in endolymph reabsorbtion

43
Q

specialized area of saccule that has the spiral organ of Corti

A

cochlear duct

44
Q

which lies above and which lies below

A

scala vestibuli lies above

scala tympani lies below

45
Q

scala vestibuli and scala tympani have what type of lymph

A

perilymph

46
Q

how do the scala vestibuli and tympani communicate?

A

communicate with each other by a small hole near cochlear apex called helicotrema

47
Q

vestibular membrane is composed of 2 layers of flattened ___ epithelium separated by a ______ _______

A

squamous epithelium

basement membrane

48
Q

function of vestibular membrane

A

maintain ionic gradients between perilymph in scala vestibuli and endolymph in cochlear duct

49
Q

stria vascularis is composed of vascularizaed ______ epithelium, which lines the lateral aspect of cochlear duct

A

pseudostratified epithelium

50
Q

what may the stria vascularis secrete

A

endolymph

51
Q

what is the spiral prominence?

A

epithelium-covered protuberance that extends length of cochlear duct

52
Q

the epithelium of the spiral prominence is continuous with what sturctures

A

epithelium is continuous with stria vascularis and is reflected onto the basilar membrane

53
Q

describe the basilar membrane

A

thick layer of amorphous material with keratin-like fibers

54
Q

what membrane makes contact with the processes of hair cells?

A

tectorial membrane

55
Q

so this might not make sense, but the tectorial membrane is secreted by what type of cells?

A

the tectorial membrane is secreted by interdental cells of the spiral sulcus

56
Q

spiral organ of Corti contains hair cells and several supporting cells & lies upon what structure

A

it lies on the basilar membrane

57
Q

what spaces do the spiral organ of Corti contain?

A

inner and outer tunnel of Corti which communicate with each other by intercellular spaces

58
Q

describe hair cells again

A

neuroepithelial cells with round, basally located nucleus

have many long, stiff stereocilia (no kinocilium)

59
Q

describe inner hair cells

A

organized in a single row along length of the cochlear duct

receive afferent synaptic terminals on basal surface

60
Q

describe outer hair cells and their function

A

organized in 3-5 rows within a cup-shaped afferent nerve ending
Function in sound reception and respond to different sound frequencies

61
Q

the stereocilia of which type of hair cell (inner or outer) are embedded int the tectorial membrane?

A

the outer hair cells

62
Q

describe the location and function of the inner and outer pillar cells

A

closely associated with each other and rest on the basilar membrane
support inner tunnel of Corti

63
Q

describe the location and function of the inner and outer phalangeal cells

A

closely associated with inner and outer hair cells, respectively.
Support nerve fibers that form synapses with hair cells

64
Q

what cells mark the inner and outer borders of the spiral organ of corti?

A

cells of Hensen and border cells

65
Q

describe how sound travels from the external environment to the inner ear

A

sound strikes tympanic membrane > vibration through ossicles to oval window (from stapes) > disturbs perilymph & deflects basilar membrane in organ of Corti

66
Q

what happens in the inner ear which allows for sound recognition

A

pillar cells attached to basilar membrane move laterally due to deflection > lateral shearing of the stereocilia on sensory hair cells in organ of Corti against tectorial membrane

movement of stereocilia transduced into electrical impulses> travels via cochlear nerve to the brain

67
Q

what happens when head position changes?

A

endolymph flows in the semicircular ducts (circular) or in the saccules and utricles (linear)

68
Q

endolymph movement in the semicircular ducts does what

A

displaces cupula overlying cristae ampullares

bending of stereocilia on sensory hair cells

69
Q

endolymph movement in saccules and utricles displaces what

A

displaces otoliths
displacement transmitted to maculae via overlying gelatinous layer
bends stereocilia on sensory hair cells

70
Q

how is the sensation of moving stereocilia transmitted back to the brain?

A

movement of stereocilia is transduced into electrical impulses > transmitted to brain via vestibular nerve fibers

71
Q

nerve deafness

A

lesion in nerves transmitting impulses from organ of Corti

72
Q

what can cause nerve deafness

A

disease, drugs, prolonged loud noise

73
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

hearing loss that occurs prior to the oval window (external/middle ear)
defect in sound wave conduction

74
Q

what is inflammation of the middle ear called

A

otitis media

75
Q

what is otosclerosis

A

abnormal bone growth in middle ear that causes hearing loss

76
Q

how do you test for conductive loss

A

with bone conduction - use tuning fork touching it to the head
vibrations conduct directly to the cochlea through bone
person with only conductive hearing loss can detect tuning fork sounds through bone, but can’t detect it as well through air (conduction through bone should be the same as a normal person)

Histo Exam 4 (3 decks)

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