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ENT > Ear diseases > Flashcards

Ear diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Name some generalised SYMPTOMS of ear disease

A

Hearing Loss
Tinnitus
Vertigo
Otalgia
Ear Discharge
Facial Weakness
Previous Ear Surgery
Nasal symptoms
Family History
Specific paediatric history
Neurological symptoms

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2
Q

What are the types of hearing loss

A

Conductive
Sensorineural
Mixed

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3
Q

What are some SIGNS of ear disease?

A
  1. external scars
  2. abnormalities of ear canal(discharge, swelling, bleeding)
  3. masses (Changes in ear drum, swelling over mastoid, facial weakness, hearing loss)
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4
Q

Which disease is associated with “glue ear”

A

acute otitis media

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5
Q

which group of people does acute otitis media affect

A

children

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6
Q

what ear disease is associated with URTI?

A

acute OM

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7
Q

Which disease is known as glue ear

A

otitis media with effusion

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8
Q

what are the causes of OM with effusion in adults?

A
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9
Q

Which anatomical part fo ear is affected in otitis media with effusion

A
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10
Q

what is otitis externa

A
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11
Q

what are the common causes of otitis externa

A
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12
Q

what is the most common cause of perforation

A
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13
Q
A
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13
Q

what is cholesteatoma

A
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14
Q

what are the consequences of cholesteatoma?

A
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15
Q

what is the treatment for cholesteatoma

A
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16
Q

what are the complications associated with cholesteatoma and acute OM

A

Laterally
- Subperiosteal abscess
Medially
- Sensorineural Hearing Loss /Tinnitus / Vertigo / Facial Palsy
Superiorly
- Brain Abscess / Meningitis
Posteriorly
- Venous Sinus Thrombosis

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17
Q

what is otosclerosis

A
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18
Q

which group of people is most commonly affected by otosclerosis

A
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19
Q

what is the treatment for otosclerosis

A
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20
Q

otosclerosis progresses more rapidly during ____?

A

pregnancy

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21
Q

presbycusis has to do with ___ frequency and has a highly ____ onset

A

high, variable

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22
Q

noise-induced hearing loss has a classical dip at __

A

4 kHz

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23
Q

which drugs are known to cause sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Gentamicin and other aminoglycosides
Chemotherapeutic drugs – e.g. Cisplatin, Vincristine
Aspirin and NSAIDs (in overdose)

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24
Q

what is a vestibular schwannoma

A
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25
Q

what are the symptoms of vestibular schwannoma

A
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26
Q

what is the diagnostic investigation for vestibular schwannoma

A

MRI

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27
Q

what is the characteristic sign of base of skull fracture

A

Battle sign

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28
Q

what is vertigo

A
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29
Q

how would you differentiate between causes of dizziness based off of symptoms?

A

CARDIAC–Lightheadedness, syncope, palpitations

NEUROLOGICAL– Blackouts, visual disturbance, paraesthesia, weakness, speech & swallow problems

VESTIBULAR–Vertigo is a sensation of motion: spinning, falling, being pushed

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30
Q

what does duration of episodes about vertigo tell us about the underlying cause?

A
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31
Q

what are the associated symptoms with vertigo

A

Duration of episodes is the key:
Seconds – BPPV
Hours – Meniere’s
Days – Vestibular neuritis
Variable – migraine associated vertigo

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32
Q

what is the commonest cause of vertigo on looking up

A
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33
Q

what are the causes of BPPV

A
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34
Q

what is the underlying pathophysiology of BPPV?

A
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35
Q

what are the key features of vertigo that strongly indicates BPPV?

A
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36
Q

which is the diagnostic examination for BPPV?

A

Dix-Hallpike manoeuvre

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37
Q

what is the treatment of BPPV?

A
  • Epley manoeuvre
  • Selmont manoeuvre
  • Brandt-Daroff exercises
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38
Q

how long does vertigo last for labrynthitis

A
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39
Q

what are the associated symptoms with labyrinthitis?

A
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40
Q

what is the aetiology of vestibular neuronitis/labyrnthitis?

A
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41
Q

what is the management of labyrinthitis

A
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42
Q

what is the rule of 3’s in the management of vestibular neuronitis/labyrinthitis

A
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43
Q

what is the underlying pathophysiology of Meniere’s disease

A

endolymphatic hydrops

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44
Q

what is the typical history of mèniere’s disease

A
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45
Q

what are the symptoms of meniere’s disease

A
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46
Q

meniere’s disease is associated with typically ___frequency _______ hearing loss

A

low, sensorineural

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47
Q

what is the management for meniere’s disease

A
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48
Q

what are some preventative measures for meniere’s disease

A
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49
Q

what is the management of meniere’s disease

A
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50
Q

what is the most common auditory symptom associated with migraine

A
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51
Q

what are the common symptoms associated with migraine-induced vertigo?

A
  • spontaneous attacks of vertigo and ataxia
  • phonophobia
  • fluctuating hearing loss and acute permanent hearing loss
  • motion sensitivity with bouts of motion sickness (2/3 patients with migraine)
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52
Q

what is the treatment for migraine?
(lifestyle and pharmacological?)

A
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53
Q

what are some common triggers associated with migraine?

A
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54
Q

what are the symptoms associated with vestibular schwannoma

A
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55
Q

which disease is associated with asymmetric hearing loss and how is it diagnosed

A
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56
Q

what constitutes chronic otitis media

A

Otitis media with effusion (Glue Ear)
Cholesteatoma
Perforation

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57
Q

what might be the causes of OME in adults

A
58
Q

what is acute mastoiditis

A
59
Q

what are the clinical features of acute mastoiditis

A
60
Q

how do you investigate mastoiditis?

A
61
Q

what is the management of mastoiditis

A
62
Q

what is the complication associated with mastoiditis?

A
63
Q

what type of hearing loss is associated with trauma to the ear?

A

conductive
sensorineural
mixed

64
Q

What bacteria are associated otitis externa (most likely -> least likely)

A
65
Q

What are the fungi responsible for otitis externa?

A
66
Q

Name some common trigger for otitis externa

A
67
Q

What are the clinical features of otitis externa

A
68
Q

What is the first-line management for otitis externa?

A

Topical aural toilet

69
Q

What is the treatment for fungal otitis externa?

A
70
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial otitis externa?

A
71
Q

What is the treatment for eczematous otitis externa?

A
72
Q

What is acute otitis media?

A
73
Q

Which ear pathology is commonly associated with URTIs?

A
74
Q

What are the most likely microorganisms causing acute otitis media?

A
75
Q

How does infection spread from throat to the ear?

A
76
Q

What are the symptoms of acute otitis media?

A
77
Q

What does it mean when pain subsides and there is discharge in acute otitis media?

A
78
Q

What do these clinical signs indicate?
Inflamed ear, bulging opaque tympanic membrane, pain fever?

A
79
Q

What is the diagnostic investigation for acute otitis media?

A
80
Q

In which circumstances would you prescribe oral ABx in acute otitis media?

A
81
Q

Which is the first and second line ABx in acute otitis media?

A
82
Q

What are the complications of acute otitis media?

A
83
Q

What is otitis media with effusion?

A
84
Q

Which ear pathology has an association with eustachian tube dysfunction or obstruction?

A
85
Q

What are the most common organisms associated with glue ear?

A
86
Q

What are the risk factors for OM with effusion?

A
87
Q

What disease do these clinical signs indicate?
- visible fluid/bubbles
- Altered TM colour
- TM retraction
- Impaired tympanic membrane mobility

A
88
Q

What does a flat tracing in tympanogram indicate?

A
89
Q

What type of hearing loss would you find in OM with effusion?

A
90
Q

What is the management of OM with effusion?

A
91
Q

When is surgery considered for OM with effusion?

A
92
Q

What is the surgical management options for OME <3years?

A
93
Q

What is the surgical management options for OME >3years?

A
94
Q

What is the surgical management options for OME <3years + nasal symptoms?

A
95
Q

Acute mastoiditis is a complication of which two diseases?

A
96
Q

Where does OM spread that causes Acute mastoiditis?

A
97
Q

Which are the most likely-causing microorganisms of Acute mastoiditis?

A
98
Q

What are the clinical features of Acute mastoiditis?

A
99
Q

Which is the first-line investigation for Acute mastoiditis?

A
100
Q

What is the management of Acute mastoiditis?

A
101
Q

What is a possible complication of Acute mastoiditis?

A
102
Q

What do these clinical signs indicate?
Sudden severe pain
bleeding from the ear
hearing loss
tinnitus

A
103
Q

What is the management of a perforated tympanic membrane?

A
104
Q

History of frequent ear surgery is a key risk factor for which ear disease?

A
105
Q

What are the most common acquired causes of cholesteatoma?

A
106
Q

What are the congenital causes of cholesteatoma?

A
107
Q

What is the pathophysiology of of cholesteatoma?

A
108
Q

What does a histology slide look like for cholesteatoma?

A
109
Q

What do these clinical signs indicate?
Unilateral persistent or recurrent discharge, often FOUL-SMELLING

A
110
Q

What does retraction of TM and cheesy white material on otoscopy indicate?

A
110
Q

What complications are associated with progression of cholesteatoma?

A
111
Q

What is the management of cholesteatoma?

A
112
Q

Which type of tumours account for majority of tumours of the ear?

A

SCC

113
Q

What causes SCC of the ear?

A
114
Q

How does SCC tumour of ear present clinically?

A
115
Q

Carhart’s notch is a classical feature of which condition?

A
116
Q

Name the classical feature of otosclerosis

A
117
Q

At what kHz is Carhart’s notch?

A
118
Q

What are the features of audiometry typically seen in otosclerosis?

A
119
Q

What is the management of otosclerosis?

A
120
Q

What is presbycusis?

A
121
Q

Presbycusis is typically seen in what people

A
122
Q

What are the causes/pathophysiology of presbycusis?

A
123
Q

What type of hearing loss is seen in presbycusis?

A
124
Q

What is the management of presbycusis?

A
125
Q

Presbycusis has a ______ slope on audiometry

A

downward

126
Q

Which part of ear does noise-induced hearing loss affect?

A

cochlea

127
Q

What type of hearing loss is associated with noise exposure?

A
128
Q

Which drugs can cause hearing loss?

A
129
Q

The cause of vestibular schwannomas is associated with what??

A
130
Q

What is the gross appearance of a vestibular schwannoma?

A
131
Q

Describe the histology of vestibular schwannoma

A
132
Q

Palisading nuclei is characteristic of which disease?

A
133
Q

What type of hearing loss is associated with vestibular schwannoma?

A
134
Q

What is the definitive management for vestibular schwannomas?

A
135
Q

What is malignant (necrotising) otitis externa?

A
136
Q

What is the most common microorganism causing malignant (necrotising) otitis externa?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

137
Q

What are the risk factors for for malignant (necrotising) otitis externa?

A
138
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of malignant (necrotising) otitis externa?

A
139
Q

What are the investigations for malignant (necrotising) otitis externa?

A
140
Q

What is the management of malignant (necrotising) otitis externa?

A
141
Q

Wa

A

ENT (6 decks)

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