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Anatomy- Back & Extremities > Early Development Leading To Back & Limbs > Flashcards

Early Development Leading To Back & Limbs Flashcards

1
Q

Ectoderm contains what two things?

A

CNS & epidermis

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2
Q

Endoderm contains what three things

A

Lining of gut, respiratory & urogenital tracks

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3
Q

Mesoderm contains what?

A

Everything besides ectoderm and endoderm

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4
Q

Ectoderm, endoderm and mesodermal come into existence when the embryo is made up of 3 flat sheets of cells called_____.

A

Trilaminar Embryo

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5
Q

The notochord is in the ______.

A

Mesoderm

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6
Q

The function of the notochord is to do what?

A

Neurulation- It signals the ectoderm to fold upon itself which creates a neural groove.

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7
Q

When the neural groove folds, it becomes ______.

A

Neural tube. Which gives rise to the entire CNS

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8
Q

Somites come from which one:
A) ectoderm
B) endoderm
C) mesoderm

A

C) mesoderm

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9
Q

Somites form what three things?

A

Muscles, bones and skin

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10
Q

Somites develop on either side of the ________ & _________.

A

Neural tube & notochord

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11
Q

A Somites breaks into three different parts. What are they?

A

Scelerotome
Myotome
Dermatome

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12
Q

What does sclerotome form?

A

Vertebrae and axial bones

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13
Q

What does Myotome form?

A

Muscle of body wall and limbs

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14
Q

Dermatome

A

Deep dermis (deep to the ectoderm) of the body

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15
Q

The neural tube differentiates into two different horns parts. What are they?

A

Posterior horn-sensory neurons
Anterior horn-motor neurons

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16
Q

Neural crest cells include what?

A

Posterior root ganglion

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17
Q

Neurons from the anterior horn are sent where?

A

Skeletal muscles

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18
Q

Sensory axons from the posterior root ganglia extend medially or laterally towards DERMATOMES?

A

Laterally

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19
Q

Sensory axons from the posterior root ganglia extend laterally or medially to reach the POSTERIOR HORN OF THE SPINAL CORD?

A

Medially

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20
Q

Neurons from the anterior root travel to the:
A) myotome
B) dermatome

A

A) myotome

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21
Q

Neurons from the posterior root travel to the:
A) myotome
B) dermatome

A

B) dermatome

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22
Q

Sclerotomes split in half so _____ can pass.

A

Axons

23
Q

Sclerotome remnants fuse to become _______.

A

Vertebrae

24
Q

Annulus fibrosus develops from the _______.

A

sclerotome

25
Q

Nucleus pulposus is THE ONLY mature remnant of the ________.

A

Notochord

26
Q

In the 6th week, chondrification centers form in the __________ and start replacing it with cartilage (which will eventually be vertebrae)

A

Sclerotome

27
Q

In the 7th week, ______ begins to replace cartilage in the vertebrae

A

Bone

28
Q

Vertebral ossification is not complete until after __________

A

Adolescence

29
Q

The primary ossification centers of the vertebrae form in the ________, ____________ and _____________.

A

Vertebral body, Pedicles and lamina

30
Q

Spinous processes are the (first, last) part of the vertebrae to ossify.

A

Last

31
Q

How does Spina Bifida occur?

A

When the ossification fails or the spinous process fails to form at all.

32
Q

What is present in a pregnant woman’s blood that would indicate the fetus has Spinal Bifida?

A

a-fetoprotein

33
Q

True/False: Spina Bifida occulta is extremely obvious in a person.

A

False. It is a failure of the neural arch. The spinous process fails to ossify. Usually marked by dense hair in the lower back.

34
Q

Meningocele Spina Bifida occurs when?

A

When the meninges and CSF herniate through the hole left by the failed neural arch.

35
Q

Meningomyelocele Spina Bifida occurs when?

A

When the meninges, CSF AND spinal cord/roots herniate through the hole left by the neural arch

36
Q

Rachischisis Spina bifida occurs when?

A

Failure of the neural tube to fold properly. The neural arch cannot form.

37
Q

Hox gene determines what?

A

The gradual differences between vertebral regions

38
Q

Abnormalities in Hox gene expression may cause what?

A

Lumbarization of S1
Sacralization of L5

39
Q

Why is the spinal cord shorter than the vertebrae?

A

The human body develops so fast, the spinal cord cannot keep up in the womb

40
Q

Where does the spinal cord end as an embryo?

A

Full length of vertebral canal

41
Q

Where does the spinal cord end at 6 months gestation?

A

~S1

42
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in a newborn?

A

~L2-L3

43
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in an adult?

A

~L1

44
Q

Muscle agenesis means what?

A

Failure of muscles to form

45
Q

Describe how the following organs are formed in the womb:
Neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, limbs, orbit, tongue

A

Anterior rami that are pulled back by their associated myotome will form complex plexi which in turn forms these body parts.

46
Q

What is the gene myostatin responsible for?

A

Inhibiting growth of a muscle.

47
Q

A mutation of myostatin can cause what to happen?

A

Double-muscling (think of jacked cow and dog)

48
Q

Limb bones come from:
A) Superior Somites
B) Lateral mesoderm

A

B) Lateral mesoderm

49
Q

Is there a short or long life expectancy with sirenomelia?

A

Since they usually have other organ issues, they typically do not live very long

50
Q

What is sirenomelia?

A

“Mermaid”
When the tail segment in the fetus rescinds early or fails to form causing the rear limb buds to fuse together

51
Q

Phacomelia is a condition of what?

A

Stunted limbs

52
Q

What was the problem with the drug thalidomide?

A

It was anti-nausea drug not properly tested before being prescribed. It had potent teratogen which caused the baby’s limbs to be stunted if the woman took the drug during the fetus’ limb development.

53
Q

Protein called Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signals for what in development?

A

Medio-lateral patterning

Anatomy- Back & Extremities (10 decks)

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