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Echo > Echo Final Handout Pg > Flashcards

Echo Final Handout Pg Flashcards

1
Q

PLAX view name wall segments seen and the coronary artery that supplies it:

A

Antero-septum (LAD); Infero-lateral (Cx or RCA)

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2
Q

PSAX view of LV name wall segments seen and the coronary artery that supplies it:

A

Anterior IVS (LAD); Anterior LV (LAD); Anterolateral (Cx); Inferolateral (Cx); Inferior (RCA); Inferior IVS (RCA)

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3
Q

Wall segments seen in Apical 4 and which coronary supplies it:

A

Anterolateral (Cx); Apex (LAD); Inferior IVS (RCA)

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4
Q

Wall segments seen in Apical 2 and which coronary artery supplies it:

A

Anterior (LAD); Apex (LAD); Inferior (RCA)

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5
Q

Where is the moderator band?

A

RV

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6
Q

Where is the Eustachian valve?

A

RA

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7
Q

Where is the Chiari network?

A

RA

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8
Q

Where is the crista terminalis?

A

RA

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9
Q

Trabeculae carneae (trabeculations) and in which chambers?

A

Ventricles

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10
Q

Pectinate muscle is located where?

A

Atria; especially atrial appendage

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11
Q

Normal amount of fluid in the pericardial sac:?

A

20 to 50 mL

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12
Q

The oblique sinus is located behind the atria or ventricles?

A

Potential space posterior to the atria

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13
Q

The definition for Stroke Volume is:

A

EDV - ESV or CSA x VTI

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14
Q

Frequency (f) most useful in an obese patient, COPD patient is?

A

Lowest frequency

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15
Q

Maneuvers which result in a decrease in venous return:

A

Valsalva strain, Amyl nitrate, Supine to standing, Expiration

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16
Q

Maneuvers which result in an increase in venous return:

A

Valsalva release phase, standing to supine, Inspiration

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17
Q

Agitated saline contrast for ASD

A

Saline in LA within 3-5 beats after injection or Negative contrast effect makes the diagnosis

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18
Q

Simpsons method of discs (MOD) biplane is used to determine what?

A

Volumes

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19
Q

Preferred view for diagnosing MVP?

A

PLAX

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20
Q

View in which the tricuspid valve may be visualized?

A

RA-RV; PSAX of Aov; Apical 4 and Subcostal 4

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21
Q

Smallest size of a vegetation that TTE may visualize?

A

3 mm (or for TEE 1mm)

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22
Q

Findings for RVPO (Right Ventricular Pressure Overload)

A

RVH, Flattened IVS throughout the cardiac cycle

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23
Q

What does EDV - ESV / EDV x 100 =

A

EF

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24
Q

EDV - ESV =

A

SV

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25
Q

What is the valsalva maneuver?

A

Strain phase reduces venous return- useful in HCM; Release phase increases venous return - PFO and ASD

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26
Q

Chronic MR results in what?

A

LAE, LVE, LVVO pattern

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27
Q

Causes of MR are?

A

Functional vs Anatomic

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28
Q

Pulmonary vein finding in significant MR is?

A

S wave reversal

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29
Q

How to determine the severity of MR using CW Doppler?

A

Spectral strength and duration

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30
Q

Components of a turbulent jet?

A

PISA, Vena Contracta, Turbulent region, Relaminarization

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31
Q

How to differentiate MVP from flail MV?

A

Flail = leaflet tip points to LA and lack of coaptation

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32
Q

Most common etiology of MS?

A

Rheumatic fever

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33
Q

M-mode findings in MS are?

A

Thickened leaflets, decreased E-F slope, Anterior motion of PMVL (posterior MV leaflet)

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34
Q

MVA for severe MS?

A

Less than 1.0 cm squared

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35
Q

Secondary findings for MS are?

A

LAE, Pul. htn

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36
Q

Doming of the anterior mitral valve suggests?

A

Valve Stenosis

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37
Q

MPG in severe MS is?

A

Greater than 10 mmHg

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38
Q

Classic MVP finding of the MV leaflets?

A

Classic = Thick, Redundant, Myxomatous

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39
Q

2-D findings in arotic stenosis?

A

LVH, Post-stenotic dilation of aorta

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40
Q

Findings for chronic AR?

A

LVE, LVVO patern

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41
Q

Fine diastolic flutter of the MV suggests?

A

AR

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42
Q

Premature closure of the MV in acute AR suggests?

A

Increased LVEDP

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43
Q

What is the PHT in severe AR?

A

less than 200 msec is severe and greater than 500 mild

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44
Q

Using color flow in AR how do you determine severity?

A

JW/LVOTW; Holodiastolic flow reversal in the DTA or AA

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45
Q

Most common etiology of TS?

A

Rheumatic fever

46
Q

Significant TR effect on the hepatic vein flow using PW Doppler?

A

S wave reversal

47
Q

2-D findings for chronic TR?

A

RAE, RVE, RVVO pattern

48
Q

Equation for RVSP and SPAP using the TR velocity?

A

4 x TR peak velocity squared + RAP

49
Q

Description of the TV in carcinoid is?

A

Thick, Retracted

50
Q

Significant chroni PR results in?

A

RVE, RVVO pattern

51
Q

The equation for PAEDP using the end-diastolic velocity of PR?

A

4 x PREDV squared + RAP

52
Q

Most common etiology of valvular PS?

A

Congenital

53
Q

2-D findings for valvular PS?

A

RVH

54
Q

Findings for infective endocarditis?

A

Vegetation, Abscess, Perforation, Fistula, Regurgiation

55
Q

Usual location for vegetation for MV and TV?

A

Atrial side, low pressure side, upstream side

56
Q

Aortic ring abscess is?

A

Usually seen as a clear echo lucent area around the valve ring

57
Q

Ross procedure is?

A

Autograft (PV to the aortic position with homograft to the PV position)

58
Q

Dehiscence is?

A

Excessive rocking motion of PHV usually due to infective endocarditis?

59
Q

Pannu is?

A

Excessive ingrowth of tissue which may result in PHV regurgitation or stenosis

60
Q

Beleaflet tilting disc?

A

St. Jude’s

61
Q

How to evaluate a MVR?

A

As if a stenotic valve

62
Q

2-D findings for constrictive preicarditis?

A

Thickened pericardium, Septal bounce

63
Q

IVC allows evaluation of the pressure in the?

A

RAP

64
Q

Most reliable 2-D finding for cardiac tamponade is?

A

RV early diastolic collapse

65
Q

Respiratory variation of the AV valves in cardiac tamponade and constrictive pericarditis

A

TV increases w/ inspiration and MV decreases w/ expiration and vice versa

66
Q

Hepatic vein flow in cardiac tamponade and constrictive pericarditis?

A

Diastolic flow reversal with expiration

67
Q

What structure determines Pericaridal effusion vs left pleural effusion?

A

DTA

68
Q

2-D findins for systemic hypertension?

A

LAE, LVH, Dilatation of the aorta and MAC

69
Q

PV M-mode finding for pulmonary hypertension is?

A

Absent A wave; flying W

70
Q

2-D echo findings for pulmonary hypertension are?

A

RVH, RVE, Flattened IVS throughout the cardiac cycle

71
Q

Same is associated with?

A

HOCM

72
Q

CW dagger of the LVOT suggests?

A

Dynamic obstruction

73
Q

2-D findings for dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

4 chamber dilatation with reduced global systolic function

74
Q

Most common regurgitation present in dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

MR

75
Q

Causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

Amyloid, Sarcoid, Hemochromatosis, Endocardial fibroelastosis

76
Q

2-D echo findings for amyloidosis?

A

All walls are thick, LAE, Pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, low voltage by EKG

77
Q

Echo findings for AIDS?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

78
Q

Most specific finding for CAD?

A

Systolic wall motion or systolic wall thickening (Thickening most important)

79
Q

Wall score of 3 = ?

A

Akinetic

80
Q

Stunned myocaridium vs hibernating myocardium?

A

stunned is immediate post-MI

81
Q

Stress test used to identify hibernating myocardium?

A

Low dose dobutamine

82
Q

Pseudoaneurysm vs True aneurysm?

A

Pseudoanuerysm has a narrow neck; True has a wide neck

83
Q

2-D findinds for RV infarction?

A

RVE, SWMA

84
Q

Dumb-bell shaped IAS?

A

Lipomatous hypertrophy

85
Q

Most common primary benign intracardiac tumor in the adult?

A

Myxoma

86
Q

Most common primary malignant intracardiac tumor in the adult?

A

Sarcoma

87
Q

EDD - ESD / EDD x 100

A

Fractional shortening

88
Q

E/A reversal = Grade?

A

Grade I impaired relaxation

89
Q

Normal E/A ratio w/ abnormal E/E’ ratio is Grade ?

A

Grade II (Pseudo-normal)

90
Q

Grade IIIa and IIIb?

A

Restrictive reversible and irreversible

91
Q

Post-op septum =

A

paradoxical

92
Q

Pulmonary embolism 2-D findings?

A

RVE, Flattened IVS thorughout the cardiac cycle, McConnell’s sign

93
Q

View of choices for Ebstein’s?

A

Apical 4

94
Q

Down’s syndrome is associated with?

A

Complete AV canal defect

95
Q

Effect of VSD on the heart?

A

LAE, LVE, LVVO pattern

96
Q

View of choice for ASD?

A

Subcostal due to echo dropout in apical 4

97
Q

Primary finding of Uhl’s anomaly?

A

RV dysplasia with normal insertion of TV

98
Q

Effect of PDA on the heart?

A

Same as VSD (LAE, LVE, LVVO pattern)

99
Q

Equation for RVSP and SPAP using the VSD peak velocity?

A

SBP - 4 x VSD peak velocity squared

100
Q

Narrowing of the aorta in the region of the aortic isthmus:

A

Aortic coarctation; Associated with AoV, VSD

101
Q

Four defects of tetralogy of Fallot?

A

RVH, Over-riding Ao, Mal-alignment VSD, RVOT obstruction

102
Q

Causes of Eisenmenger’s syndrome?

A

Intracardiac shunt which results in increased PAP

103
Q

Findings for Marfans?

A

Aortic aneurysm (especially the sinuses of Valsalva), MVP, MR, AR, Ao dissection

104
Q

Findings for aortic disseciton?

A

Dilated aorta, Intimal flap seen in 2 orthogonal views, Per. Eff. Pleural eff. AR

105
Q

Most common sinus of Valsalva involved in sinus of Valsalva aneurysm?

A

???

106
Q

Bernoulli Equation?

A

4 x V2 (squared)

107
Q

MVA equation?

A

220/PHT

108
Q

AVA using the continuity equation?

A

.785 x LVOD (Squared) x LVOT VTI / AoV VTI

109
Q

Calculation of CO using cardiac Doppler?

A

CSA x VTI x HR

110
Q

Regurgitant fraction (RF) and Regurgitant Volume (RV) for AR?

A

Pocket Reference pages 360-361

Echo (2 decks)

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