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Biology > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Organisms in the biosphere do what with who?

A

They interact with each other and their surroundings.

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2
Q

Ecology

A

Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their physical environment

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3
Q

Interactions within the biosphere produce what and with who?

A

Produce a web of interdependence between organisms and their surroundings.

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4
Q

What is related to ecology?

A

Human economics

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5
Q

Organism

A

One individual

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6
Q

Population

A

Group of interacting individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

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7
Q

Community

A

Assemblage of all the different populations that live together in a defined area

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8
Q

Ecosystem

A

Sum of all of the populations that live in a place, along with their physical environment

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9
Q

Biome

A

A group of ecosystems sharing a similar climate with similar types of species

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10
Q

Biosphere

A

The portion of our planet on which life exists (includes all organisms and their physical environments)

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11
Q

Environment

A

Refers to all conditions or factors surrounding an organism (biotic and abiotic)

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12
Q

The three methods ecologists use:

A

Observation, experimentation and modeling

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13
Q

Observation

A

Often the first step in asking ecological questions

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14
Q

Experimentation

A

Experiments can be used to test hypotheses

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15
Q

Environmental resistance

A

Total sum of the limiting factors that keeps a population from reaching its biotic potential

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16
Q

Biotic potential

A

Maximum growth rate

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17
Q

Biosphere

A
  • All the life on the earth including land, water and the atmosphere.
  • It extends from 8 km above earth to 11 km below earth.
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18
Q

Modeling

A

Because many ecological events occur over long periods of time and are difficult to study, ecologists make models to help them understand these phenomena

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19
Q

Exponential population growth

A

Rapid pop growth
The combo of low death rates and high birth rates led to this growth
During the industrial revolution (improved nutrition, sanitation, medicine)

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20
Q

4 events that greatly impacted human pop growth

A

Agriculture, plowing and irrigation, bubonic plague, industrial rev

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21
Q

The demographic transition

A

A dramatic change from high birth rates and high death rates to low death rates and low birth rates

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22
Q

Stage one demographic transition

A

Birth rates and death rates are equally high for most of history- stable pop size

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23
Q

Stage two demographic transition

A

Advances in nutrition, sanitation, and meds cause death rates to begin to fall but birth rate remains high
Because birth rates exceed death rates pop increases exponentially

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24
Q

Stage three demographic transition

A

As the level of education and living standards rise, families have fewer children and the birth rate falls; pop growth slows
Complete when the iron rate meets death rate and pop growth stops

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25
Q

Ecological footprint

A

Measure of human demand on earths ecosystems, a measure of resource consumption
It compares human demand with the planet earths ecological capacity to regenerate

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26
Q

Carbon footprint

A

A measure of all greenhouse gases produced by an individual, factory, or country Ina specified amount of time

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27
Q

Biological community

A

An assemblage of populations living close enough together for potential interactions/described by its species composition

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28
Q

Interspecific interactions

A

Relationships with other species in the community

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29
Q

Intraspecific interactions

A

Relationships with members of the same species

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30
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Two different species compete for the same limited resource

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31
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Two members of the same species compete for the same limited resource

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32
Q

Symbiosis

A

A relationship in which members of two or more species live in close association

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33
Q

Three basic types of symbiosis

A

Mutualism/commensalism/parasitism

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34
Q

Mutualism

A

Symbiotic relationship in which both individuals benefit/plus plus

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35
Q

Commensalism

A

Symbiotic relationship in which one individual benefits and the other is unaffected/+0

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36
Q

Parasitism

A

A symbiotic relationship in which one individual benefits and the other is harmed/plus minus

37
Q

Competition

A

May occur when a resource is limited

38
Q

Ecological niche

A

Sum of an organisms use of biotic and abiotic resources/interspecific competition occurs when niches of two populations overlap /The job or role of a species in a community /The animals habitat and occupation and combined

39
Q

Evolution connection predation

A

Predation leads to diverse adaptions in prey species/predation benefits the predator but kills the prey/prey adapt using protective strategies examples camouflage mechanical defenses chemical defenses

40
Q

Evolution connection herbivory

A

Herbivory leads to diverse adaptions in plants/herbivory is not usually fatal/plants must expend energy to replace the loss/plants have numerous defenses against herbivores examples spines and thorns/chemical toxins

41
Q

Evolution connection herbivory

A

Herbivores and plants undergo coevolution/change in one species acts as a new selective force on another

42
Q

Population

A

All the interacting members of one species living in the same ecosystem

43
Q

How are populations studied

A

Geographic range/density and distribution/growth rate/age structure

44
Q

Geographic range

A

The area inhabited by a population/ it can vary tremendously depending on the species

45
Q

Population density and distribution

A

Pop density:The number of individuals per-unit of area/helpful for comparing populations in different areas or overtime- pop distribution: Random/uniform/clumped

46
Q

Population growth rate

A

Determines whether size of the population increases decreases or stays the same /it is often easier to interpret when presented in graphical form

47
Q

Natality

A

Rate at which organisms are being born

48
Q

Mortality

A

Rate at which organisms are dying

49
Q

Immigration

A

Rate at which organisms move into the range

50
Q

Emigration

A

Rate at which organisms move out of the range

51
Q

Types of population growth curves

A

Exponential growth/logistic growth

52
Q

Exponential growth

A

Displays a population with plentiful resources/usually occurs only for a short time/the size of each generation will be larger than the generation before/of the larger population gets the faster it grows/curve resembles a J

53
Q

Logistic growth

A

Populations don’t grow exponentially for long/eventually something limits this rapid growth/more realistic long-term growth/resembles an S/3 phases

54
Q

The level where growth stops and population size stabilizes

A

Carrying capacity

55
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

Maximum number of individuals of a particular species that an ecosystem can support over the long term without damage

56
Q

Limiting factor

A

Any factor that keeps a population from reproducing at its biotic potential

57
Q

Density independent limiting factors

A

They exert their effects no matter what the density of the population when the catastrophe struck

58
Q

Density dependent limiting factors

A

Affects a greater percentage of the individuals as the population gets more crowded

59
Q

Biome

A

Consists of all similar ecosystems, characterized by similar climates and therefore organisms with similar adaptions

60
Q

The two most important factors determining which biome will develop

A

Temperature and precipitation

61
Q

Biosphere

A

All life on earth and everywhere where life exists- explains life on a global scale

62
Q

Biome

A

A major ecosystem type- consists of all similar ecosystems

63
Q

Ecosystem

A

All the biotic and abiotic factors interacting in a specific area

64
Q

Community

A

The sum of all populations in an ecosystem

65
Q

Population

A

All the members of one species in an ecosystem at a particular time

66
Q

Organism

A

A single living thing

67
Q

Ecological succession

A

The series of gradual somewhat predictable changes in the ecosystem
Involves replacement of one population with another
Often culminates with the establishment of a stable self sustaining climax community

68
Q

Animals in a biome are largely determined by what?and what is that determined by?

A

The plants which are largely determined by climate

69
Q

Stages of ecological succession: pioneer community

A

Consists of the first producers and the consumers that feed on them to colonize a barren site. Pioneer organisms must have a high tolerance for harsh conditions

70
Q

What happens when a pioneer species dies? And what is the result of that?

A

Their tissues decompose adding to the nutrient and water holding capacity of the soil
This improves conditions allowing less tolerant species to thrive on the site. These species can out compete and therefore replace the original inhabitants

71
Q

How do pioneers pave the way for later colonists and help moderate what?

A

Pave the way for later colonists by altering the biotic and abiotic environment: soil stabilization. Soil nutrient enrichment(organic matter and biological nitrogen fixation), increased moisture holding capacity
Help moderate: light intensity, temperature, and exposure to wind

72
Q

Stages of ecological succession: transitional communities is—–?

A

A series of communities inhabit the site. Each consists of organisms better suited for the improving environment than the community that preceded it

73
Q

Stages of ecological succession: climax community is—?

A

The final stable self perpetuating community that develops is able to resist invasion by competitors. It will remain until some disturbance causes it to revert to earlier stage

74
Q

Biome

A

Consists of all similar ecosystems, characterized by similar climates and therefore organisms with similar adaptions

75
Q

The two most important factors determining which biome will develop

A

Temperature and precipitation

76
Q

Biosphere

A

All life on earth and everywhere where life exists- explains life on a global scale

77
Q

Biome

A

A major ecosystem type- consists of all similar ecosystems

78
Q

Ecosystem

A

All the biotic and abiotic factors interacting in a specific area

79
Q

Community

A

The sum of all populations in an ecosystem

80
Q

Population

A

All the members of one species in an ecosystem at a particular time

81
Q

Organism

A

A single living thing

82
Q

Ecological succession

A

The series of gradual somewhat predictable changes in the ecosystem
Involves replacement of one population with another
Often culminates with the establishment of a stable self sustaining climax community

83
Q

Animals in a biome are largely determined by what?and what is that determined by?

A

The plants which are largely determined by climate

84
Q

Stages of ecological succession: pioneer community

A

Consists of the first producers and the consumers that feed on them to colonize a barren site. Pioneer organisms must have a high tolerance for harsh conditions

85
Q

What happens when a pioneer species dies? And what is the result of that?

A

Their tissues decompose adding to the nutrient and water holding capacity of the soil
This improves conditions allowing less tolerant species to thrive on the site. These species can out compete and therefore replace the original inhabitants

86
Q

How do pioneers pave the way for later colonists and help moderate what?

A

Pave the way for later colonists by altering the biotic and abiotic environment: soil stabilization. Soil nutrient enrichment(organic matter and biological nitrogen fixation), increased moisture holding capacity
Help moderate: light intensity, temperature, and exposure to wind

87
Q

Stages of ecological succession: transitional communities is—–?

A

A series of communities inhabit the site. Each consists of organisms better suited for the improving environment than the community that preceded it

88
Q

Stages of ecological succession: climax community is—?

A

The final stable self perpetuating community that develops is able to resist invasion by competitors. It will remain until some disturbance causes it to revert to earlier stage

Biology (2 decks)

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