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Geography > Economic Development - Measuring it, Uneven Development and Reducing - Paper 2 > Flashcards

Economic Development - Measuring it, Uneven Development and Reducing - Paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 9 measurements of development?

A

-GNI (gross national income)
-Birth rate
-Death rate
-Infant mortality
-Life expectancy
-People per doctor/ doctors per 1000 population
-Literacy rates
-Access to safe water
-HDI (human development index)

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2
Q

What is GNI per capita a measure of?

A

The total income divided by the number of people.

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3
Q

What are 3 limitations of using GNI as a measure of development?

A

-Average figures can be misleading - a few very wealthy people can distort figures
-In poorer countries some incomes might not be taken into account by official GNI records (farming/informal sector)
-Data about income is sensitive and people may not always be honest

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4
Q

What is birth rate?

A

The number of live births per 1,000 population.

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5
Q

Where are high birth rates generally associated with and why?

A

Poor countries where child survival rates are low (due to poor health care, lack of safe water, poor diets and sanitation)

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6
Q

What 2 types of development are birth rates quite a good measure of?

A

Economic and social development.

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7
Q

What are 2 limitations of using birth rates as a measure of develoment?

A

-Some countries that are poor have a low birth rate due to government policies
-Birth control policies can distort this as a measure of overall development.

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8
Q

Give an example of a country with a low birth rate despite being poor and say why:

A

In Cuba the birth rate 10 per 1000 despite being poor due to political decisions to focus investment in health care over other sectors.

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9
Q

What is death rate?

A

The number of deaths per 1,000 population.

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10
Q

Why can death rates be high in HICs and give an example?

A

Due to ageing population (Japan 11 per 1,000)

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11
Q

Where can some of the lowest death rates be and why?

A

In NEE’s where people are living longer but have yet to die of old age.

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12
Q

Give 2 limitations of death rates and why they are a poor measure of development:

A

-A high death rate can reflect both a high infant mortality rate due to inadequate health care, as well as an ageing population in a HIC
-In some countries, not all death of children are reported, especially in remote areas

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13
Q

What is infant mortality?

A

The number of deaths of children aged less than one year per 1,000 population.

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14
Q

Give examples of how figures for infant mortality vary enormously:

A

The highest values in African countries (Angola, 50,2 per 1,000) and lowest values in HIC’s (Germany, 3.2 per 1,000)

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15
Q

Why is infant mortality a good measure of development?

A

It reflects the levels of health care and service provision in a country.

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16
Q

Why is infant mortality not a good measure of development?

A

Not all deaths of children are reported, especially in remote areas.

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17
Q

What is the life expectancy in HICs?

A

It can be over 80 years.

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18
Q

What is the life expectancy in NEEs?

A

Between 65 and 75.

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19
Q

What is the life expectancy in LICs?

A

Typically in the 50s.

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20
Q

What is the life expectancy in Nigeria?

A

54

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21
Q

What makes life expectancy a good measure of development?

A

As it reflects health care and service provision.

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22
Q

What makes life expectancy not a good measure of development?

A

Data is not always reliable, especially in LICs, and can be misleading in countries with very high rates of infant mortality - people surviving infancy may live longer than expected thereafter.

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23
Q

Describe the variation in people per doctor:

A

In the UK there is 1 doctor per 350 people compared to Afghanistan where there is 1 doctor per 1,400 people.

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24
Q

Why is people per doctor not a good measure of development?

A

Increasingly people are using mobile phones to seek help and advice - this is becoming popular in India and isn’t included in the data.

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25
Q

Describe the variation in literacy rates:

A

Most HICs have literacy rates of 99%. In LICs the figure can be below 50% (Afghanistan 43%)

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26
Q

Give 2 limitations of using literacy rates as a measure of development:

A

-Can be hard to measure in LICs due to lack of monitoring
-War zones and squatter settlements are difficult areas to measure literacy rates

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27
Q

Describe the variation in access to safe water:

A

In EU countries, all people should have access to safe water by law. Access in many LICs is poor (Angola, 52%)

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28
Q

What is the human development index (HDI)?

A

A composite measure using data on income, life expectancy and education to calculate an index from 0-1.

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29
Q

Describe the variation in HDI with data:

A

Highest HDI values are in the HICs (Norway, 0.957) and lowest in the African LICs (Niger, 0.394)

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30
Q

What is the most commonly used measure of development?

A

The Human Development Index (HDI).

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31
Q

What is the Demographic Transition Model?

A

A graph that plots changes in birth rates and death rates over time and shows how the total population grows in response.

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32
Q

What is stage 1 of the DTM?

A

High fluctuating - birth and death rates are both high and fluctuating. They tend to cancel each other out accounting for a stable but low population.

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33
Q

What is stage 2 of the DTM?

A

Early expanding - death rates start to fall then drop rapidly. Birth rates remains high. In increasing natural rise means population starts to grow.

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34
Q

What is stage 3 of the DTM?

A

Late expanding - death rate continues to fall before levelling off. Birth rate starts to fall rapidly. Total population continues to grow as birth rate exceed death rate.

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35
Q

What is stage 4 of the DTM?

A

Low fluctuating - both birth rate and death rate are low and fluctuating. As they cancel each other out, the total population growth slows and starts to level off.

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36
Q

What is stage 5 of the DTM?

A

Natural decrease (decline) - death rate remains constant but birth rate dips below , resulting in a natural decrease. This results in an ageing and declining population.

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37
Q

What is the link to development of stage 1 in the DTM?

A

High birth rate reflects high infant mortality. High death rate results from disease and poor health care and living standards.

38
Q

What is the link to development of stage 2 in the DTM?

A

Improvement in basic health care and living conditions lower the infant mortality rate. This lowers the death rate.

39
Q

What is the link to development of stage 3 in the DTM?

A

Further improvements in health care and living conditions cause the death rate to fall further and level off. Fewer children are needed to work the land and higher survival rates cause the birth rate to fall.

40
Q

What is the link to development of stage 4 in the DTM?

A

High standards of health care, good living conditions and women choosing to study and follow careers reduce the birth rate. Economic conditions may cause birth rate to fluctuate. Death rate remains mostly low and stable.

41
Q

What is the link to development of stage 5 in the DTM?

A

A fall in birth rate can result from an economic downturn or increasing numbers of women choosing to follow careers rather than having large families.

42
Q

What are the 5 physical causes of uneven development?

A

-Weather and climate
-Relief
-Landlocked countries
-Tropical environments
-Water shortages

43
Q

Name a mountainous country that tends to be remote and have poor infrustructure:

A

Nepal.

44
Q

What are landlocked countries?

A

Countries without a coastline.

45
Q

What do landlocked countries lack the benefit of?

A

Sea trade.

46
Q

Give an example to prove how landlocked countries lead to uneven development:

A

Of the 10 lowest ranking HDI countries in 2018, 7 have no coastline.

47
Q

How do tropical environments cause uneven development?

A

They are prone to pests and disease which can spread rapidly

48
Q

What are 2 economic causes of uneven development?

A

-Poverty
-Trade

49
Q

What does poverty prevent improvements to?

A

Living conditions, infrastructure and sanitation, education and training.

50
Q

Who does the vast majority of the world’s trade involve?

A

Richer countries of Europe, Asia and North America.

51
Q

Where are most of the world’s TNC’s based?

A

HICs

52
Q

Why have trade agreements been forced on some LICs?

A

As a legacy of colonisation.

53
Q

What have countries with a legacy of colonisation traditionally traded?

A

Relatively low-value raw materials such as agricultural products or minerals, rather than higher-value processed goods.

54
Q

What 2 things has this trading imbalance caused?

A

-HICs to become richer
-Increased the global development gap

55
Q

What 2 historical causes has caused uneven development?

A

-Industrialisation
-Colonialism

56
Q

Who were many LICs colonised by?

A

Powerful trading nations such as the UK, France, Spain and Portugal.

57
Q

Historically, what had happened to much of Africa, South America and Asia?

A

They were brought under the economic and administrative control of exploitative European empires.

58
Q

What were many of the countries in Africa, South America and Asia exploited for?

A

Their raw materials.

59
Q

How many people were enslaved against their will and transported from Africa to North America?

A

10 million.

60
Q

What 2 things happened during this colonial era?

A

-Global development became uneven
-Populations were scattered

61
Q

When did most colonial countries become independent and give 2 examples?

A

In the mid-twentieth century, eg India became independent from the UK in 1947 and Nigeria in 1960.

62
Q

What did many colonising countries intentionally do and what did this cause?

A

They intentionally destabilised the governments before they left, leading to power struggles and conflict within the country.

63
Q

What did this destabilisation do?

A

It ensured the countries would continue to be dependent on Western powers and would prevent their development.

64
Q

What are the 3 consequences of uneven development?

A

-Disparities in wealth
-Disparities in health
-International migration

65
Q

How much of the total wealth is held in North America by how much of the world’s population?

A

About 35% by just 5% of the world’s population.

66
Q

What is Africa’s share of global wealthy by how much of the world’s population?

A

About 1% over 12% of the world’s population.

67
Q

What are 2 of the fastest growing countries in terms of wealth?

A

China and India.

68
Q

Compare the % of children deaths in LICs to HICs?

A

In LIC’s, 40% of deaths are in children under 15, compared to 1% in HICs

69
Q

Compare the % of deaths over 70 in LICs to HICs?

A

In HICs 70% of deaths are people aged over 70, compared with 20% in LICs.

70
Q

In LICs, malaria and tuberculosis account for how many deaths.

A

One third.

71
Q

How many deaths in 2018?

A

405,000, mostly of African children.

72
Q

What are the main causes of death in HICs?

A

Chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease and dementia.

73
Q

In 2018 how many people lived in a country where they had not been born?

A

260 million.

74
Q

What are the 2 types of international migrants?

A

-Economic migrants
-Refugee

75
Q

How many migrants entered Germany seeking better life in 2015?

A

1.1 million.

76
Q

What are 7 ways to reduce the development gap?

A

-Investment by countries, organisations and TNCs
-Industrial development
-Aid
-Intermediate technology
-Fairtrade
-Debt relief
-Microfinance loans

77
Q

What 4 things does investment lead to improvement of?

A

-Infrastructure
-Services
-Dams and reservoirs
-Industrial development

78
Q

How many Chinese companies have invested in Africa?

A

Over 2,000.

79
Q

Give an example of China investing in Africa?

A

There’s HEP in Madagascar.

80
Q

Name 2 companies who have invested in Africa:

A

Google and Walmart.

81
Q

How does investment reduce the development gap?

A

It can provide employment opportunities and increase incomes.

82
Q

Name 3 countries where industrialisation has promoted development:

A

Brazil, Mexico and Malaysia (eg development of the Proton car)

83
Q

What does aid take the form of?

A

Financial support.

84
Q

When is short-term emergency aid given?

A

In response to natural disasters.

85
Q

What does long-term aid support?

A

Development projects, such as improving water supply, sanitation and energy provision.

86
Q

Give an example of aid:

A

In 2014, Congo was provided with US$73 million by international donors to help it build a new major dam and hydroelectric power station.

87
Q

Give an example of an intermediate technology and what it does?

A

The Afridev hand pump helps provide clean water.

88
Q

Give an example of Fairtrade:

A

In Uganda, coffee farmers have benefitted from Fairtrade, processing their own coffee beans to increase the export value of the crop.

89
Q

Give an example of debt relief what this helped with?

A

In 2006, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) agreed to cancel the debts of 19 of the world’s poorest countries. This money can now be used for development projects, improving the lives of millions of people and reducing the development gap.

90
Q

What are micro-finance loans?

A

Small-scale financial support to help individuals or community groups to start small businesses. If successful, they will create jobs and increase people’s incomes.

91
Q

Give an example of micro-finance loans:

A

The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh; it lends money to women to buy a mobile phone so that they can check market prices when selling agricultural produce.

Geography (54 decks)

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