economy

Question 1

economy

Answer 1

• before alexander ii, industrialisation not a popular choice as people associated it with rise of urban proletariat
• in other countries, urban proletariat more likely to revolt
• alexander realised peasant threat just as great & realised he needed to move rural workers off the land & into industry
• factories promoted a new work discipline ( strict rules created by factory owners that ensured employees worked safely & efficiently)

Question 2

reutern as minister of finance (1862-78)

Answer 2

• adopted a sensible approach that revolved around continued railway employment & using foreign expertise
• meant that modernisation & expansion occured with the ‘staples’ (iron, coal, textiles) as well as new industries like oil

Question 3

reutern & railway

Answer 3

• first railway completed in 1837
• had capacity for break bulk (carrying large quantities of heavy/bulky goods) which gave significant boost to industrial sector
• meant industrial output doubled & average annual growth rate of 6%
• secure foreign monies & investment through variety of new approaches including government bonds, taxation exemptions
• where possible, construction placed in hands of private contractors to secure their services
• 94% of railway lines in private hands by 1880

Question 4

alliances

Answer 4

• ludwig loops helped develop russian textile industry
• nobel brothers responsible for growth of modern oil industry around baku
• j.j hughes transformed iron & steel production & by start of 20th century his new russian coal, iron and rail making company responsible for half of russia’s steel production