Ecosystem - Organism Effects

Question 1

How may climate change affect Endotherms?

Answer 1

Well buffered directly from temperature effects, body temperature remaining constant

Question 2

What is endothermic regulation dependent on?

Answer 2

Food metabolism with heat generation in cellular respiration.

Question 3

Second Law of TD

Answer 3

Descreibed how entropy of a closed system always increases over time

Question 4

How does respiration generate heat?

Answer 4

ATP generation increase entropy as reactnats are converted to products

Question 5

How does heat dissipation occur in Endotherms?

Answer 5

Oxidative Phosphorylation where electron transfer from donors(NADH and FADH2) to acceptors like O2

Question 6

How does climate change affect phenology of plants?

Answer 6

Bud burst, flowering and leaf shedding

Question 7

How does climate change affect phenology of animals?

Answer 7

Emergence from hibernation, reproduction and migration.

Question 8

What is the second law described by?

Answer 8

Statistical mechanics, where entropy is number of possible energy arrangements of particles with properties of temperatures ,pressure an dvolume.

Question 9

Hypothalamus

Answer 9

This is a high-level sensory motor output area maintaining homeostasis by controlling endocrine, autonomic and somatic behaviour

Question 10

What is an example of hypothalamus function?

Answer 10

Corticotrpin-releasing hormone regulates stress, acting on the pituitary gland stimulating adrenocorticotrpic hormone release, acting on the adrenal gladnds to release cortisol regulating stress by blood sugar increase

Question 11

What is thermoregulation?

Answer 11

This is where thermoreceptor neutrons in the hypothalamus detect temperautre changes in the blood and regulate vasodilation and sweating accordingly.

Question 12

What does thermoreceptor stimulation result in?

Answer 12

Intracellular biochemical events and stimulation of action potential and neurotransmitter release(glutamate for cold and serotonin for wamr)

Question 13

How do thermoreceptors detect temperatures?

Answer 13

Thermo-sensitive ion channels like TRPV1 and TRPM8, opening and Ca/Na flow into the cell.

Question 14

What two areas of the hypothalamus are relevant for heat conservation?

Answer 14

Preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus

Question 15

Brown Adipose Tissue

Answer 15

These have high mitochdonria concentration expressing uncoupling protein 1 enabling specailized energy expenditure and thermogeneiss.

Question 16

How is the function of Brown Adipose Tissue regulated?

Answer 16

Exposure of cold and norephinerine release, binding beta-3 adrenergic receptors on brown adipocytes activating adenylate cyclate, converting ATP to cAMP, allowing PKA activation which phosphorylates hormone-sensitive lipases hydrolysing stored triglycerides.

Question 17

What happens to the BAT fatty acids?

Answer 17

Converted into Acetyl=CoA then put into TAC?

Question 18

Tricarboxyic Acid Cycle

Answer 18

This is a mitochondiral matri cycle being a metabolic pathway for fuels

Question 19

What does heat generation derive from in TAC?

Answer 19

UCP1 proton gradient alternations

Question 20

UCP1

Answer 20

This is a channel allowing passage of protons into the MM bypassing ATP synthase disspiating proton gradient as heat

Question 21

How does cliamte change affect Ectotherms?

Answer 21

Physiology, growth and development is determined by temperature, incapable of body regulation with environment

Question 22

Why is ectothermy advantageous?

Answer 22

Lower Energy Requirements
Tempearture fluctatioon tolerance
Efficient resource use(no eating)
Longer lifespans

Question 23

How do cabbage white butterflies respond to climate change?

Answer 23

Increased digestive enzyme activity, heat shock protein release, earlier development and earlier maturation and metamorphosis

Question 24

Heat Shock Proteins

Answer 24

These are molecular chaperones produced by cells in response to exposure to stressful conditions

Question 25

What is the function of Heat Shock Proteins?

Answer 25

These maintain protein folding and stability under stress conditiosn

Question 26

Arrhenius quation

Answer 26

This describes the temperature dependence of reaction reates, descrinign the exponential increase

Question 27

What hormones does temperature effect?

Answer 27

Ecdysone and JH

Question 28

How does JH and Ecdysone regulate development?

Answer 28

JH secreted by Corpora Allata regulates larval-adult transition with high-low concentraiton, whilst Ecdysone regulates metamorphiss and molting triggering larval cuticle breakdown

Question 29

How do Ecdysone and JH relate to temperature?

Answer 29

Decrease and increase with increasing temperature respectively.

Question 30

Why are E+JH hormonal changes important?

Answer 30

Leads to more gneerations per year with greater populations as life cycle completed more quickly

Question 31

Where has hormonal changes increasing population been shown?

Answer 31

Cabbage White Butterfly producing three generations per year in warmer regions whilst two in colder, originally only one

Question 32

How much money has the cabbage white butterfly cost in US crop damage?

Answer 32

$60

Question 33

What else may effect developmental timing?

Answer 33

Photoperiod and Food Availability.

Question 34

What is an example of northward migration by climate change?

Answer 34

American Robin spends winter in southern US and mexico whilst breeding in NA in spring

Question 35

What is the rate of northward migration of UK birds?

Answer 35

6 miles a decade

Question 36

What is an example of increased prevalence of malaria?

Answer 36

337% in Rwanda with only 1C increase

Question 37

How many malaria cases with 3C warming?

Answer 37

50-80 million more cases

Question 38

Why does disease prevalence increase?

Answer 38

Vector, mosquitoes being able to survive and reproduce in new areas

Question 39

What is malaria cause dby?

Answer 39

Plasmodium which develop quicker with warmer temperatures with increased mosquto survival rate