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Science Sem 2 Exams > Ecosystems > Flashcards

Ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

What is Photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction using light energy from the Sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

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2
Q

What is the equation for Photosynthesis?

A

Carbon Dioxide (6CO2) + Water (H20) = Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (6O2) + Water (6H2O)

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3
Q

What can Photosynthesise?

A

Plants, Algae and some Bacteria can photosynthesise

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4
Q

What are things that can do Photosynthesis called?

A

These are autotrophs make their own Glucose

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5
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis occurs in organelles called chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts are full of a green pigment called chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll captures the light energy from the sun.

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6
Q

Why is photosynthesis important?

A

Makes organic molecules (glucose) out of inorganic materials (Carbon Dioxide and Water).
It begins all food chains/webs all life is supported by this process.
It also makes oxygen gas.

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7
Q

What affects the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  1. Light intensity: As light increases, so does the rate of photosynthesis
  2. CO2: As CO2 increases, so does the rate of photosynthesis
  3. Temperature: The higher the temperature then typically the greater the rate of photosynthesis. However, for photosynthesis at temperatures above 40°C the rate slows down.
  4. Water: The less water available, the more restricted photosynthesis is.
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8
Q

What is Glucose used for?

A
  • Energy for growth and repair of cells
  • Starch for storage
  • Cellulose for cell walls of cells
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9
Q

What is the Biosphere?

A

The biosphere is the living world and how it interacts with:
• Atmosphere (Gasses)
• Hydrosphere (Water)
• Lithosphere (Land)

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10
Q

What is an Ecosystem?

A

An ecosystem is a group of biotic and abiotic things interacting with each other. It can be divided into:

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11
Q

What are Ecosystems divided into?

A
  • Habitats
  • Populations
  • Communities
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12
Q

What are Abiotic factors?

A

All non-living parts of an ecosystem

E.g. Rock or Humidity

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13
Q

What are Biotic factors

A

All living parts of an ecosystem

E.g. Bush or Lizard

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14
Q

What is a Habitat?

A

A habitat is where a population of organisms live. They provide the organisms with:
• Food
• Water
• Shelter

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15
Q

What is a Popluation?

A

A group of living organisms that are the

same species, living in the same place at the same time.

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16
Q

What is a Community?

A

A group of living organisms that are the

different populations, living in the same place at the same time.

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17
Q

What are some benefits of an ecosystem?

A
  1. They help maintain the balance of gasses in the air
  2. They help pollinate plants
  3. They decompose organic matter
  4. They help to clean water
18
Q

What are Population dynamics?

A

Population dynamics is the study of changes in population numbers within ecosystems.

The balance of an ecosystem is a Dynamic Equilibrium where changes in one population will cause changes in other populations until a new balance is reached.

19
Q

What are the causes of a Dynamic equilibrium?

A

These changes are caused by:
1. Reproduction rates

  1. Death Rates
  2. Immigration: Movement of individuals into a population
  3. Emigration: Movement of individuals out of a population
  4. Natural disasters
  5. Humans
20
Q

What are food chains?

A

Food chains are a path by which energy passes from one living thing to another.
Arrows in the food chain: The animal at the head of the arrow does the eating
E.g.: Rabbit –> Eagle

21
Q

What are food webs?

A

Food webs are diagrams that shows how food chains are linked together into more complex feeding relationships.

22
Q

What are Producers?

A
  • They make their own food
  • Are always plants
  • Also called Autotrophs
23
Q

What are Consumers?

A
  • They eat food to get energy for nutrients

- Are always animals

24
Q

What are Decomposers?

A
  • Gain nutrients by breaking down dead organisms into simpler nutrient.
  • These nutrients can be passed onto those organisms that eat the decomposers.
  • E.g. bacteria and fungi.
25
Q

What are the three ways of counting an organism’s population?

A
  • Counting
  • Quadrats
  • Capture-recapture
26
Q

What is Counting?

A
  • Counting all members of the population
27
Q

What is Quadrats?

A
  • Randomly selecting a square plot
  • Use to count stationary organisms
  • The organism in each plot will be counted, average is obtained and then the estimate is calculated.
28
Q

What is Capture-recapture?

A
  • Animals are captured and marked, then released.
  • Estimated using the following equation:

Total number of animals = N1 x N2/ M2

  • N1 = Number counted upon first capture
  • M2 = Number of animals in this second capture that are marked
  • N2 = The total number caught in the second sample
29
Q

How is energy flow through an ecosystem?

A

Living systems continuously take in energy from the sun.

Most of this energy is used by the living organisms and only about 10% of the energy gets passed from one organism to the next in the food chain.

30
Q

What do living things use energy for?

A
  • Building compounds
  • Communication within the organism
  • Physical movement
  • Transport
31
Q

What is Cellular Respiration?

A

Cellular respiration is the process of converting energy stored in glucose into the useable form of energy ATP.

32
Q

How is Glucose produced?

A

Glucose is produced by photosynthesis in plants and consumed by animals.

33
Q

What is the equation for Cellular Respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + ATP

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

34
Q

Where does Cellular Respiration occur?

A

Cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and in the mitochondria.

35
Q

What are the two main stages of Cellular Respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis

2. Aerobic respiration

36
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A

Breaks down glucose.Occurs in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP molecules plus pyruvate (C3H4O3).

37
Q

What is Aerobic Respiration?

A

Occurs in the mitochondria when oxygen is present Pyruvate and oxygen produce 34 ATP molecules.

Carbon dioxide and water are by products.

38
Q

What is ATP?

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy-carrying molecule used in cells

All cells require energy in the form of ATP to maintain life. Cells need a constant supply of energy to perform all metabolic activities.

39
Q

What is Anaerobic Respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen after glycolysis. Also called fermentation.

40
Q

What are waste products of Anaerobic Respiration?

A

Waste products made are:

  • Plants: alcohol and CO2
  • Animals: Lactic acid
41
Q

What organisms can conduct Cellular Respiration?

A

All living organisms

42
Q

What organisms can conduct Photosynthesis?

A

Plants and Algae.

Science Sem 2 Exams (3 decks)

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