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Ecology - Global Change Biology > Ecosystems- Interaction Influences > Flashcards

Ecosystems- Interaction Influences Flashcards

1
Q

What is an example of a plant infection?

A

Cucumber Mosaic Virus

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2
Q

Cucumber Mosaic Virus

A

This is an ssRNA encoding a replicase, movement proteins, a coat protein and 2b protein

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3
Q

Replicase

A

This is an enzyme catalyzing synthesis of a complentary RNA using and RNA tempate

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4
Q

What is the 2b protein in CMV used for?

A

They supress the RNA silencing pathway which in plants defends against viral infection

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5
Q

What is an example of a fungal disease for plants?

A

Dutch elm disease

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6
Q

Dutch Elm Disease

A

This is carried by elm bark beetles, overwintering in infected and recently killed trees, stumps and cut brush and logs

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7
Q

What is DED cuased by?

A

Asomycete fungi like Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi

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8
Q

How do DED infect?

A

Colonise xylem tissue which is important in water and nutrient transport, leading to wilting, yellowing and death.

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9
Q

How do Elm Bark Beetles act as vectors?

A

Feed on bark of the elm trees and carry fungal spores from healthy trees

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10
Q

What has DED affected?

A

UK British Elm and Field Elm

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11
Q

How did DED become invasive in UK?

A

Logs imported from North America with quick spread by bark beetles.

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12
Q

Ash Dieback

A

This causes crown dieback and leaf loss caused by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, which is an ascomycete.

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13
Q

How does Ash Dieback infect?

A

Colonises bark, branches and the xylem, leading to death of the tree spread by aoelian processes.

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14
Q

What leads to decreased plant growth?

A

Interfering with ability of the plant to acquire and utilise resources like light, water, CO2 and nutrients.

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15
Q

What is light interception correlated with?

A

Increased crop yield and plant growth.

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16
Q

What does light interception depend on?

A

Leaf area and position of the leaves, thus adapt to be taller, bigger and fast growing.

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17
Q

What does developmental regulation depend on in plants?

A

Concentration of two phytochromes: Pr and Pfr due to differential abosrption of spectra, Pr being red light converting to Pfr whilst Pfr to Pr when far-red light is absorbed

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18
Q

What is plants photoperiod dependent on?

A

Ratio of Pfr and Pr

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19
Q

What are plants intercepting light more-so better at?

A

Detecting seasonal and day length changes with solar intensity

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20
Q

Constans Protein

A

This is a key regulated in the photoperiodic flowering pathway

21
Q

How are Constans Protein triggered?

A

Day length changes altering Pr and Pfr ratios.

22
Q

How does leaf morphology change to sunlight?

A

Broad, flatter leaves provide more surface area and thicker leaves with more chloroplasts increasing capacity.

23
Q

Why is containing of different pigments important?

A

Each pigment differentially absorbs light of different spectra.

24
Q

How do leaves regulate angle?

A

Phototropins

25
Q

Phototropins

A

These are blue light receptors for chloroplast movement, leaf expansion, phototropism and stomatal opening

26
Q

Phototropism

A

This is the orientation of an organism in response to light.

27
Q

How does photoropins detect light?

A

Blue light(400-500nm) absorbed by Flavin Mononucleotide bound to phototropin

28
Q

What does FMN blue light absorption do when detecting light?

A

Blue light absorption initaites conformational changes exposing an LOV domain containing covalently bound Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

29
Q

What happens after CC in phototropin?

A

Cause signal transduction pathways causing gene expression changes

30
Q

What is bending towards the light caused by?

A

Auxin expression in response to phototropins

31
Q

What does auxin accumulation cause?

A

Elongaiton of the cells more so than the illuminated side cuasing bending

32
Q

Gravitropism

A

This is plant growth response directing shoots upward and roots downadrd

33
Q

What does leaf angling derive from?

A

Decreased turgot pressure/rigidness on the shaded side compared to the illuminated side by auxin accumulation

34
Q

How is elongation promoted?

A

Activation by auxin of cell wall loosening enzymes.

35
Q

How may infection/feeding prevented?

A

Layers, spines, hairs or chemical defences.

36
Q

How might chemical defences used?

A

Inhibition of growth of the pathogen or attractants for beneficiary insects to feed on the pathogens

37
Q

Photosynthate

A

A product of photosynhtesis

38
Q

Where are photosynthate energy distributed?

A

Storage, defence, growth and reproduction

39
Q

Tannins

A

These are polyphenols found in plants that readily bind proteins, celluloses, starches and minerals

40
Q

What can tannins do?

A

Inhibit digestive enzymes

41
Q

How are tannins synthesised?

A

Phenylpropanoid Pathway

42
Q

Phenylpropanoid Pathway

A

This produces many plant metabolites like lignins, flavonoids and tannins

43
Q

Proanthocyanidins

A

These are composed of flavan-3-ol units linked by carbon-carbon bonds

44
Q

Lignin

A

These are hydrocarbon polymers consisting of aliphatic and aromatic structures, enhancing cell wall rigidty

45
Q

What are the two types of tannines?

A

Hydrolyzable tannins
Proanthocyanidins

46
Q

Why is lignin important?

A

Makes plant tissues less digestible due to its fibrous cross-linkage and resistance to enzymatic digestion.

47
Q

How to changing C:N ratio affect herbivory?

A

Make tissues less nutritious inhibiting predation

48
Q

What is balance of photosynthate distribution influenced by?

A

Other resources like nutrients and water with different factors requiring different resources

Ecology - Global Change Biology (8 decks)

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