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Sociology AQA A-Level > EDUCATION TOPIC ONE (paper 1) > Flashcards

EDUCATION TOPIC ONE (paper 1) Flashcards

Class differences in achievement (external factors)

1
Q

What do Cultural Deprivation Theorist say?

A

Working class families fail to socialise their kids adequately, these kids grow up culturally deprived as they lack the cultural equipment needed to do wells then they underachieve.

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2
Q

Working Class Subculture

A
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3
Q

What is a subculture?

A

A subculture is a group whose attitudes and values differ from mainstream culture.

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4
Q

What is Barry Sugarmans view?

A

Working class have 4 key features.

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5
Q

What are the Working class key features?

A

Fatalism, Collectivism, Immediate gratification & Present-time orientation

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6
Q

What is Fatalism?

A

Belief in fate, what will be will be. Nothing you can do can change your status.

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7
Q

How does Fatalism contrast with the Middle Class?

A

Middle Class emphasise that you can change your position through your own efforts.

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8
Q

What is Collectivism?

A

Value being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual.

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9
Q

How does Collectivism contrast with the Middle Class?

A

Middle class feel that an individual should not be held back by group loyalties.

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10
Q

What is Immediate Gratification?

A

Looking for pleasure now rather than waiting to get rewards in the future.

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11
Q

How does Immediate Gratification contrast with the Middle Class views?

A

Middle class emphasise differed gratification, making sacrifice now for a reward later down the line.

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12
Q

What is Present-time Orientation?

A

Present more important than future, not having any long term goals or plans

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13
Q

How does Present-time Orientation contrast with the Middle class?

A

Has Future-Time orientation, planning for future as important.

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14
Q

What does Sugarcane claim W/C parents do?

A

Working-Class parents pass on their beliefs to children through primary socialisation

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15
Q

What do the children do and what does it lead to?

A

Children internalise and it leads to underachievement at school.

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16
Q

Why do these differences in values exist?

A

Jobs

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17
Q

What are Middle Class Jobs like?

A

Secure careers that offer prospect for continuous individual advancement.

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18
Q

What are Working Class Jobs like?

A

Less secure, no career structure where individuals can progress. Few promotion, earnings peak at an early age.

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19
Q

Language

A
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20
Q

What does Hubbs-Tait et el find about Parents Language?

A

Parents that use language that challenges their children to evaluate their own their own understanding.

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21
Q

What does Leon Feinstein say about Educated Parents?

A

Educated Parents talk in language that challenges children.
Likely to use praise, encourages children to develop own competence

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22
Q

What does Feinstein say about Less Educated Parents?

A

Less educated parents use language that make children make simple descriptive statements.

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23
Q

Language is linked with social class

A
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24
Q

What does Bereiter & Engelmann claim?

A

Language in Lower class homes is deficent.
Communicating in gestures, disjointed phrases & single words

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25
Q

What does this result in?

A

Children fail to develop necessary language skills
Grow up without abstract thinking
Unable to explain, describe, enquire or compare
Children can’t take advantage of opportunities in school

26
Q

Speech Codes

A
27
Q

What does Bernstein identify?

A

There are differences between WC & MC language that influences achievement

28
Q

What are the two types of speech codes?

A

Restricted codes
Elaborated codes

29
Q

What is Restricted code?

A

Working Class
Limited Vocabulary
Unfinished, grammatically incorrect sentences
Descriptive & Analytic
Context bound: speaker assumes listener knows what they’re talking about.

30
Q

What is Elaborated code?

A

Middle Class
Wider Vocabulary
grammatically correct complex sentences
Context free: Speaker doesn’t assume listener shares similar experiences.

31
Q

Why does this advantage middle class?

A

Elaborate code is what is used by teachers, text books and exams.

32
Q

What does Bernstein view about elaborate code?

A

Elaborate code is more effective for analysing and reasoning and

33
Q

What are Criticisms to Language?

A

CD theorist exaggerate differences in classes.
Gaine and George criticise Bernstein for exaggerating & oversimplifying differences between WC & MC.

34
Q

Parents Education

A
35
Q

What does Douglas say about Parents attitudes?

A

WC placed less value on education.
Resulting in being less ambitious for their children, giving less encouragement and less interest.
Result in children having lower levels of motivation and achievement

36
Q

What did Goodman and Gregg say about parental involvement?

A

Important for children as it affects their achievement

37
Q

What does Feinstein say about Parent attitudes?

A

Parents own educational level is most important factor.
Middle class parents have higher qualifications

38
Q

How do parents advantage children?

A

parenting style
parents’ educational behaviours
Use of income

39
Q

How does parenting style affect children’s achievement?

A

Parents with higher qualifications emphasis consistent discipline and high expectations, this encourages learning
Parents with fewer qualifications apply harsh inconsistent discipline. Prevents children from learning independence and self control, leading to poor motivation.

40
Q

How does Parents educational behaviours affect children achievement?

A

Parents with higher qualifications know what is needed to help their children educational progress; being actively involved in school work.

41
Q

How does Parents use of income affect children achievement?

A

Parents with higher qualifications = higher incomes
Spend income to promote children educational success.
Have better understanding of health
Bernstein & Young: m/c mothers buy educational books and toys
W/C parents lack these so children start school with out skills needed

42
Q

What are compensatory education?

A

Programmes that aim to tackle cultural deprivation

43
Q

How does compensatory eduction do this?

A

Provide extra resources to school and communities in deprived areas.
Intervene early in socialisation to compensate children for deprivation.

44
Q

What are criticisms of compensatory education programmes?

A

Halsey & Whitty:
Have little impact as little resources have been allocated
Reay:
Programmes assume WC fail because of lack of aspiration when its actually poverty and lack of resources.

45
Q

Criticisms CD

A
46
Q

Why is Victim blaming a criticism?

A

Blames victims for own failure.
WC lack cultural qualities needed for success and ignores inequalities in education system

47
Q

How is being different a criticism?

A

Keddie:
WC are culturally different not deprived

48
Q

How is labelling a criticism?

A

CD acts as a negative label which turns to SFP witch leads to failure of the culturally deprived

49
Q

How is parents interest a criticism?

A

Blackstone & Mortimore:
WC parents attended few parents evenings due to late working hours

50
Q

What is Material Deprivation?

A

Lack of material necessities

51
Q

How is Children education effected through Housing?

A

Overcrowing:
less room for education, disturbed sleep to shared rooms, accidents
Tempory housing:
no consisten schooling
Poor housing on health and welfare

52
Q

How does Diet and Health affect Children education?

A

Howard:
WC homes have lower energy, victims and minerals
Results in absences in schools & concentration
Wilkinson:
WC have behavioural issues which has negative effect on children education

53
Q

How does cost of education affect children achievement?

A

Poor families do without equipment and education experiences.
Emily Tanner
Leave children with hand me downs which causes bullying

54
Q

Cultural Capital?

A
55
Q

What are the 2 types of Cultural capital Bordieu identifies?

A

Educational capital
Cultural captial

56
Q

What is the Cultural capital?

A

The knowledge, attitude values and language of the middle class

57
Q

What does Bordieu think of MC?

A

MC is a type of capital
MC culture gives advantage
MC socialise their kids so that they can be better and develop intellectual interest

58
Q

How does this advantage MC?

A

Their interest and abilities rewarded

59
Q

How does this contrast the WC?

A

School system devalues their culture.
Lack of own CC leads to exam failure
Get a message that education isn’t meant for them

60
Q

What is the educational and economic capital?

A

Parents will be able to afford house in catchment area of better schools
“Selection by mortage’
Drives up prices of housing around better schools

Sociology AQA A-Level (5 decks)

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