educational difference according to gender

Question 1

state 4 external factors of girls to achieve educationally?

Answer 1

1. feminism
2. changes in the family
3. women employment
4. changes in ambition

Question 2

how can girls achieve from the impact of feminism?

Answer 2

according to liberal feminist -
the movement improved womens rights and oppotunities through changes in the law

according to mcrobbie - changes are reflected into the media ,news etc

Question 3

how can girls achieve from changes in the family?

Answer 3

• increase in divorce rate
• increase in cohabitation (couples live together but not married)
• increase in lone parent families

creates a new adult role model for girls - financially independent women

Question 4

how can girls achieve from the changes in women employment?

Answer 4

according to posser - many changes in womens economic particpation and achievement encourage girls to see their future in terms of paid work

• equal pay act - illegal to pay women less than men
• sex discrimination act - outlaw sex discrimination in the workplace
• according to british national stats - pay gap fall from 30% to 17%

Question 5

how can girls achieve from the changes in ambition?

Answer 5

according to sue sharp - using interviews she found girls in the 1990 sees their future as an independent women compared to girls in the 1974 who wanted to be housewives

Question 6

state 4 internal factors for girls to achieve educationally?

Answer 6

1. equal oppotunity policies
2. teachers attention
3. challenging stereotypes
4. selection and league tables

Question 7

how can girls achieve from the equal oppotunity policies?

Answer 7

1. GIST - girls into science and tech
2. national curriculum - introduced coursework
3. GATE - girls and tech education

Question 8

how can girls achieve from teachers attention?

Answer 8

according to spender - teachers spend more time interacting with boys than with girls - behavour issue

according to swann - boys dominate in whole class discussion but girls prefer pair work better at istening and cooperating - skills rewarded in class

labelling - halo effect

Question 9

how can girls achieve from challenging stereotypes?

Answer 9

according to Weiner - teachers have challenged gender stereotypes and removed a barrier in girls achievement (e.g. remove sexist image from learning resources)

Question 10

how can girls achieve from selections and league tables?

Answer 10

according to Jackson - high achieving girls are attractive to schools whereas low achieving boys are not - self fulfilling prophecy

Question 11

evaluate selection and league tables

Answer 11

according to archer et al - theres conflict between w/c feminine identities and the value of school - they gain symbolic capital (status and sense of worth people obtain from others) from peers = conflict with school

girls have hyper heterosexual identities (e.g. having sexual partner, wearing makeup etc) - break school guidelines.

Question 12

state 5 factors to why boys underachieve

Answer 12

1. boys literacy (external)
2. globalisation (external)
3. feminisation of education (internal)
4. laddish subculture (internal)
5. shortage of male primary teachers (internal)

Question 13

how does boys literacy result in underachievement? (external)

Answer 13

according to the DCSF - under-performance to poor literacy levels amongst boys and poorer language skills - (restricted code)
parents spend less time reading to their son and see reading as a feminine activity

Question 14

how does globalisation and the decline in manufacturing result in underachievement? - (external)

Answer 14

according to browne - decline in male employment oppotunities led to an ‘identity crisis’
there are a decline in traditional industries mining iron and steel - boys believe they dont have a chance in getting a ‘proper’ job undermining their motivation and their self esteem.

Question 15

how does feminisation of education result in underachievement? - (internal)

Answer 15

schools no longer nurture masculine traits (competition and leadership) but prefer qualities girls have (attentive in class, coursework)

Question 16

how does the laddish subculture result in underachievement?

Answer 16

according to epstein - boys reject the norms and values of school - w/c boys were more likely to be harassed, labelled ‘swots’ (homophobic verbal abuse) - threat to their masculinity resulted in boys rejecting schools work

Question 17

how does the shortage of male primary teachers result in underachievement?

Answer 17

lack of strong positive role model both at home and in school - didnt enourage or inspire them to focus on education

Question 18

state 5 factors to gender difference in subject choice

Answer 18

1. early socialisation - (external)
2. gendered subject images - (internal)
3. peer pressure - (internal)
4. gender career oppotunities - (external)
5. gender identities - (internal)

Question 19

why does early socialisation create gender difference in subject choice?

Answer 19

according to oakley - ‘gender role socialisation’ is the process of learning the behaviour expected of males and females in society

according to norman - boys and girls dressed differently, given different toys and take part in different activities.

parents tend to** reward boys for being active** and girls for being passive.

Question 20

Why does gendered subject images create gender differences in subject choice?

Answer 20

According to Kelly - science is seen as a boy subject as science teachers are more likely to be men

Question 21

Why does peer pressure create gender difference in subject choice?

Answer 21

According to patcher.- pressure to conform to feminine and masculine roles mean that boys and girls choose subjects that reinforce their gender scripts

Question 22

Why does gendered career opportunities create** gender differences in subject choices?**

Answer 22

According to Oakley - employment is highly gendered - women’s job involves skill performed by housewives, if boys found nurses are women they are less likely to opt for childcare

Stereotypes and gender discrimination within jobs

Question 23

Why does gender identity cause gender differences in subject choices?

Answer 23

According to connell - ‘hegemonic masculinity’ - dominance of a heterosexual masculine identity and the subordination of female and gay identity

Question 24

What are the 4 types of experience pupil face resulting in hegemonic masculinity?

Answer 24

1. Verbal abuse - calling girls flags for dressing masculine
2. Male peer groups - mac and ghaill states peer groups reproduce different class based masculine identities
3. Teachers and discipline - mac and gahill found teachers tell off boys for acting like girls , ignore boys verbal abuse of girls and blame girls for attracting it
4. Double standards - Lees argues double standard of sexual morality in boys boast about their sexual exploit but girls called flags for behaving certain way - patriarchal ideology