Effects of tectonic hazards

Question 1

What is a primary effect

Answer 1

things that happen immediately as a result of a hazard

Question 2

What is a Secondary effect

Answer 2

Secondary effects are things that happen in the hours, days and weeks after the initial hazard.

Question 3

What are the primary effects of an earthquake

Answer 3

People killed and injured.
Property, buildings and homes destroyed.
Bridges, roads, ports and railways destroyed.
Gas and water pipes and electric cables are broken.

Question 4

What are the secondary effects of earthquakes

Answer 4

The economy slowing due to money being spent repairing damage and business activity reduced.
Blocked transport infrastructure restricts emergency services from rescuing people.
Burst water pipes lead to a shortage of fresh water, poor sanitation and illness.
Fires starting due to broken gas pipes and fallen electricity cables.

Question 5

What are the primary effects of Volcanoes

Answer 5

Farmland and property destroyed.
People and livestock killed and injured.
Air travel restricted or cancelled due to ash in the atmosphere.
Contaminated water supplies.

Question 6

What are the secondary effects of volcanoes

Answer 6

Emergency services struggle to arrive.
Glaciers covering volcanoes melt, causing flooding.
Rainfall and meltwater mix with volcanic ash to create mudflows (lahars).
Tourism increases with people interested in seeing the impact of the volcanic eruption.
Ash provides fertile soil for agriculture.

Question 7

What are immediate responses

Answer 7

occur in the hours and days immediately after a disaster. Short-term responses mainly involve evacuation, search and rescue and providing aid to those affected.

Question 8

What are long term responses

Answer 8

Long-term responses go on for months and years after a disaster. It involves constructing destroyed houses, schools, hospitals, etc. It also involves taking steps to boost the local economy.

Question 9

What are the immediate responses to tectonic hazards

Answer 9

Issuing warnings – this can follow volcanic eruptions when activity is likely to continue. It can also occur after a major earthquake due to the risk of aftershocks.
Rescue teams searching for survivors – often, LICs rely on support from aid agencies and HIC governments for support in searching for survivors.
Providing treatment to injured people – this can include providing painkillers or antibiotics and treatment for minor injuries through to emergency surgery for the worst affected. Field hospitals are set up where considerable pressure is placed on existing medical facilities.
Food, drink and shelter provided – providing clean, safe water is a significant priority following major tectonic hazard events, as services are often damaged or destroyed.
Recovering bodies – following the rescue of people trapped by a hazardous event, the priority changes to removing bodies.
Extinguishing fires – fires are common following earthquakes due to damage to gas pipes and damaged electricity lines. In some instances, deaths caused by fires have been greater than the collapse of buildings.

Question 10

What are the long term responses to tectonic hazards

Answer 10

Rebuilding and repairing properties
Rebuilding and repairing transport infrastructure
Improving building regulations
Restoring utilities such as water, electricity and gas
Resettling local people
Developing opportunities for the economy to recover
Install monitoring equipment

Question 11

Why do people live near volcanoes what are the reasons

Answer 11

Geothermal energy
Tourism
Mining
Agriculture

Question 12

Why do people live close to volcanoes because of geothermal energy

Answer 12

People live close to volcanoes because geothermal energy can be harnessed by using the steam from underground, which the Earth’s magma has heated. The steam drives turbines in geothermal power stations to produce electricity for domestic and industrial use.

Question 13

Why do people live close to volcanoes because of tourism

Answer 13

Volcanoes attract millions of visitors around the world every year. Apart from the volcano itself, hot springs and geysers can also bring in tourists. This creates many jobs for people in the tourism industry. This includes work in hotels, restaurants and gift shops. Often locals are also employed as tour guides.

Question 14

Why do people live close to volcanoes because of mining

Answer 14

Lava from deep within the Earth contains minerals that include gold, silver, diamonds, copper and zinc, depending on their mineral composition. Miners are attracted to active volcanic areas. Often, mining towns develop around volcanoes.

Question 15

Why do people live close to volcanoes because of agriculture

Answer 15

Volcanic areas often contain some of the most mineral-rich soils globally, which are ideal for farming. Lava and material from pyroclastic flows weather to form nutrient-rich soil, which farmers can cultivate to produce healthy crops and rich harvests.

Question 16

How can earthquakes be monitored

Answer 16

As earthquakes typically happen along plate margins, it is possible to predict the general locations where earthquakes are likely to occur.radon gas detection is used to measure radon gas which can escape through cracks in the surface of the Earth. Seismometers are used to measure foreshocks (smaller earthquakes that happen before large earthquakes). The location of earthquakes and their times are mapped to look for patterns, and from the results, predictions are made about when and where the next earthquake might occur.

Question 17

How can people be protected from tectonic hazards

Answer 17

Poorly constructed buildings tend to collapse much more easily than those that have been reinforced. The construction of buildings and roads that are more resistant to the impact of earthquakes is common, particularly in high-income countries (HICs) such as Japan. This is because they are wealthy enough to be able to afford this type of construction. Constructing buildings that withstand earthquakes is known as mitigation. Although these buildings help reduce injury and death, they may need to be repaired following a major earthquake.

Constructing buildings to withstand the impact of earthquakes includes using seismic isolators, cross bracing, shear walls and counterweights.

Question 18

How does planning reduce the risk of tectonic hazards

Answer 18

Planning and preparing what to do during and after an earthquake helps reduce the number of deaths and injuries as people are more likely to respond quickly and calmly. In some countries, people are encouraged to fasten down furniture, so they are less likely to fall over. Preparing emergency aid supplies and organising how they will be distributed helps in the aftermath of a tectonic hazard.

Question 19

Explain the Nepal earthquake 2015

Answer 19

25th of April 2015, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake struck Nepal. The focus was only eight kilometres deep, and the epicentre was just 60 km North west of the capital city of Nepal. At the time of the earthquake, Kathmandu had 800,000+ inhabitants. The city is popular with tourists planning to trek the Himalayas. The earthquake occurred on a collision plate boundary between the Indian and Eurasian plates.

Question 20

WHAT WERE THE IMPACTS OF THE NEPAL EARTHQUAKE?

Answer 20

Infrastructure
Centuries-old buildings were destroyed at UNESCO World Heritage

Eight thousand six hundred thirty-two dead and 19,009 injured.
It was the worst earthquake in Nepal in more than 80 years.
People chose to sleep outside in cold temperatures due to the risk of aftershocks causing damaged buildings to collapse.
Hundreds of thousands of people were made homeless, with entire villages flattened.
Harvests were reduced or lost that season.

Question 21

WHAT WERE THE PRIMARY EFFECTS OF THE 2015 EARTHQUAKE IN NEPAL?

Answer 21

Nine thousand people died, and 19,000 people were injured – over 8 million people were affected.
Three million people were made homeless.
Electricity and water supplies, along with communications, were affected.
1.4 million people needed support with access to water, food and shelter in the days and weeks after the earthquake

Question 22

WHAT WERE THE SECONDARY EFFECTS OF THE 2015 EARTHQUAKE IN NEPAL?

Answer 22

Avalanches and landslides were triggered by the quake, blocking rocks and hampering the relief effort.
At least nineteen people lost their lives on Mount Everest due to avalanches.
Two hundred fifty people were missing in the Langtang region due to an avalanche.
The Kali Gandaki River was blocked by a landslide leading many people to be evacuated due to the increased risk of flooding.
Tourism employment and income declined.
Rice seed ruined, causing food shortage and income loss.

Question 23

WHAT WERE THE IMMEDIATE RESPONSES TO THE NEPAL EARTHQUAKE?

Answer 23

India and China provided over $1 billion of international aid.
Over 100 search and rescue responders, medics and disaster and rescue experts were provided by The UK, along with three Chinook helicopters for use by the Nepali government.
The GIS tool “Crisis mapping” was used to coordinate the response.
Aid workers from charities such as the Red Cross came to help.

Question 24

WHAT WERE THE LONG-TERM RESPONSES TO THE NEPAL EARTHQUAKE?

Answer 24

A $3 million grant was provided by The Asian Development Bank (ADB) for immediate relief efforts and up to $200 million for the first phase of rehabilitation.
Many countries donated aid. £73 million was donated by the UK (£23 million by the government and £50 million by the public). In addition to this, the UK provided 30 tonnes of humanitarian aid and eight tonnes of equipment.
Landslides were cleared, and roads were repaired.
Lakes that formed behind rivers damned by landslides were drained to avoid flooding.

Question 25

L’Aquila Earthquake 2009

Question 26

primary effects of L’Aquila

Answer 26

The earthquake caused damage to between 3,000 and 11,000 buildings in the medieval city of L’Aquila. Many buildings also collapsed. Approximately 1,500 people were injured. Twenty of the 309 victims were children. In addition, around 40,000 people were made homeless.

The European Union estimated the total damage caused by the earthquake was US$1.1 billion.

historic buildings were severely damaged,
Approximately 40,000 people who were made homeless by the earthquake found accommodation in tented camps. In addition, 10,000 were housed in hotels on the coast.

Question 27

Secondary effects of L’Aquila

Answer 27

The secondary effects included aftershocks triggering landslides and rockfalls, causing damage to housing and transport. A landslide and mudflow were caused by a burst main water supply pipeline near the town of Paganio. The number of students at L’Aquila University has decreased since the earthquake. The lack of housing for all residents meant house prices and rents increased. Much of the city’s central business district was cordoned off due to unsafe buildings.

Question 28

IMMEDIATE RESPONSES to L’Aquila

Answer 28

hotels provided shelter for 10,000 people, and 40,000 tents were distributed. Some train carriages were used as shelters. The prime minister of Italy, Silvio Berlusconi, reportedly offered some of his homes as temporary shelters.

The Italian Red Cross was searching for survivors supported by seven dog units, 36 ambulances, and a temporary hospital within an hour. In addition, the Red Cross distributed water, hot meals, tents and blankets. The British Red Cross raised £ 171,000 in support.

The EU granted US$ 552.9 million from its Solidarity Fund for major disasters to begin rebuilding L’Aquila. The Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC), a UK group, did not provide aid because it considered Italy a more developed country with the resources to offer help and the help of the EU.

Question 29

LONG-TERM RESPONSES of L’Aquila

Answer 29

Students were given free public transport discounts on educational equipment and were exempt from university fees for three years. Homes took several years to rebuild, and historical centres are expected to take approximately 15 years to rebuild. Additionally, in October 2012, six scientists and one government official were found guilty of manslaughter as they had not predicted the earthquake. They were accused of giving residents a false sense of confidence and seriously underestimating the risks. They each received six years in prison and were ordered to pay several million euros in damages.