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anatomy exam 1 > ekg shit > Flashcards

ekg shit Flashcards

1
Q

what does the P wave correspond to

A

atrial depolarization

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2
Q

what 2 things does the PQ segment correspond to

A

atrial systole

time taken for signals to travel between SA and AV nodes

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3
Q

what does the PR interval correspond to

A

signal conduction

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4
Q

what wave correspond to atrial depolarization

A

P

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5
Q

what segment corresponds to atrial systole and the time taken for singles to travel between SA and AV nodes

A

PR segment

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6
Q

what interval corresponds to signal conduction through AV nodes before activating ventricles

A

PR

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7
Q

what complex corresponds to ventriclar depolarization

A

QRS complex

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8
Q

what interval corresponds to the duration of ventricular depolarization

when is this shorter during

A

QT interval

exercise

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9
Q

what segment corresponds to ventricular systole

this also corresponds to plateaus in myocardial ______ _____

A

ST

action potential

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10
Q

what wave corresponds to ventricular repolarization

ventricular diastole begins after the ____ of the __ wave

A

T wave

onset, T wave

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11
Q

the QRS complex is that shape because of the ______ and _____ of the two ventricles and signal

what does this complex mask in an EKG

A

shape, thickness

atrial repolarization

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12
Q

what happens when the graphs for pressure cross each other

A

valves open and close

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13
Q

fluid will only flow if there is a _____ _______

what direction does this go in

A

pressure gradient

high to low

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14
Q

when ventricles relax and expand, the internal pressure _____

A

falls

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15
Q

if a ____ valve is open, blood flows into the left ventricle

A

mitral

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16
Q

when ventricles contract, internal pressure ____

A

rises

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17
Q

what valve has to close so that the aortic valve is pushed open and blood flows into the aorta from the left ventricle

A

AV valves

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18
Q

AV valves are ____ when ventricles are relaxed

semolina valves under pressure from blood in vessels are _____ when ventricles relax

A

open

closed

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19
Q

what is any failure of a valve to revent reflux/ back flow of blood

A

incompetence

(think inCompetence for valve should be Closed but isn’t)

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20
Q

what often presents as a heart murmur

A

incompetence

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21
Q

what is the most common cause of incompetence

A

calcification

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22
Q

what are sheen cusps are siffened and opening is constricted by scar tissue

what sound does it make

A

valvular stenosis (think valve should be Open bit isn’t due to stenOsis)

whoosh

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23
Q

what infection causes and autoimmune attack on the valve where scar tissue cases valvular stenosis

A

rheumatic fever

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24
Q

valvular stenosis can be cause by _____ and ____ malformations

A

prolapse

congenital

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25
Q

what is it called when you listen to sounds made by the body

A

auscultation

26
Q

what is the first heart sound caused by

A

AV valves closing

27
Q

what is the second heart sound caused by

A

the semilunar valves closing

28
Q

what is the third heat sound caused by

what is the fourth heart sound caused by

A

rapid ventricular filling

ventricular filling during atrial systole

29
Q

in relation to ventricular filling during diastole:

ventricles pressure ____ in relation to atria pressure

____ valves open and blood fills into ventricles

filling occurs in three phases:
1/3: ____ ventriular filling.

2/3: ____ filling (what wave occurs)

3/3: atrial ____ where the last 1/3 of the atria contract

what is achieved in each ventricle after this is all said and done

A

drops

av

rapid

slower (P wave)

systole

end diastolic volume

30
Q

what is the end diastolic volume in each ventricle after ventricular filling in diastole in mL

A

130 mL

31
Q

after atria repolarize, what do they stay in for the rest of the cardiac cycle

A

diastole

32
Q

in relation to isovolumatric contraction:

___ repolarize, relax, and remain in diastole for the rest of the cardiac cycle

_____ depolarize, causing the ___ complex (and begin to contract)

heat sound __ occurs at the beginning of this phase

it is volumetric because although the ventricles contract, they do not:

pressures in ____ ____ are still greater than those in the ventricles

cardiomyocytes exert force, but with ____ valves closed, the blood can’t go anywhere

A

atria

ventricles, QRS

1

expel any blood

great vessels

all four

33
Q

in relation to ventricular ejection (during systole):

begins when ventricular pressure ____ arterial pressure and semilunar valves ____

pressure peaks in left ventricle at about ____ mm Hg

at first, there is ____ ejection of blood from ventricles

then, there is ____ ejection

ejection lasts about ___-___ ms and corresponds to the plates phase of cardiac action potential

__ wave occurs late in this stage

A

exceeds

120

rapid

reduced

200-250

T

34
Q

!! how many mL is the stroke volume during ventricular ejection !!

how many mL remaining is the end systolic volume

A

70

60

35
Q

in relation to isovolumetric relaxation:

___ wave ends and ventricles begin to expand

blood from aorta and pulmonary truck briefly flow _____ filling cusps and _____ semilunar valves

this appears as a ____ ____ in a graph of artery pressure

heart sound ___ occurs

this is isovolumetric because ____ valves are ____

A

T

backward, closing

dicrotic notch

2

all, closed

36
Q

what are the 5 “phases” of the heart in order

A

ventricular filling

atrial systole

isovolumetric contraction

ventricular ejection

isovolumetric relaxation

37
Q

heart sound 1 occurs during

heart sound 2 occurs during

essentially, its just ____

A

isovolumetric contraction

isovolumetric relaxation

backflow (closing the valves)

38
Q

end systolic volume is ___ ml

___ mL passively added to ventricles

___ mL actively added to ventricles

___ mL ejected by ventricles (stroke volume)

cycle repeats and ___ mL left behind

A

60

+30

+40

-70

60

39
Q

what is the flow rate of volume/min called

A

cardiac output

40
Q

what is the total cardiac output per minute

A

~5L

41
Q

how much blood does the average person have

A

4-6 L

42
Q

a RBC leaving the left ventricle has about ___ min(s) to make its way through the circulation and back to the left ventricle

A

1

43
Q

what two things control stroke volume

what two things control heart rate

A

blood volume
vascular resistance

nerves
hormones

44
Q

pulse pressure decreases as you reach _____

the difference in pulse pressure (systole vs diastole) is not very much in ____ but is a lot in ____

A

veins

veins, arteries

45
Q

cardiac output =

A

heart rate x stroke volume

46
Q

what two things regulate cardiac output

_____ nervous system

______

A

autonomic

fitness

47
Q

heart rhythm and contraction are controlled by cardiac centers in the _______

A

medulla oblongata

48
Q

cardioacceleratory centers sends _____ innervatoin via the _____ nerves

cardioinhibitory center sends _____ innervation via the ____ nerve

A

sympathetic
cardiac

parasympathetic
vagus

49
Q

autonomic does not initiate the heart beat, it modulates ____ and ____

A

rhythm
force

50
Q

sympathetic nerves ___ heart rate and ____ strength

they originate in the ____ ____
are considered ____ ganglia

postganglionic fibers pass through the cardiac ___ in the mediastinum and continue as cardiac ____ in the heart

fibers terminate in ___ and ___ nodes, in _____ myocardium, and _____ blood vessels

A

increase, contraction

spinal cord, chain

plexus, nerves

SA, AV, ventricular, major

51
Q

parasympathetic nerves ____ heart rate

via the ___ in the medulla oblongata

fibers of the right vagus nerve lead to the ___ node

fibers of the left vagus nerve lead to the ___ node

there is little or no vagal stimulation of the _____

A

slow

nucleus

SA

AV

myocardium

52
Q

what is high heart rate called and what is the threshold for it

5 things that cause it:

loss of ____ or damage to ____

A

tachycardia, 100 bpm

stress, anxiety, drugs, heart disease, fever

blood, myocardium

53
Q

what are factors that raise heart rate called

the ____ ANS releases _____

A

positive chronotropic agents

sympathetic, norepinephrine

54
Q

in relation to the sympathetic nervous system releasing NE to raise heart rate:

NE binds to ____ ___ in the heart

___ accelerates depolarization of the SA node

Does it only accelerate contraction?

how high can BPM get

A

beta adergenic fibers

Ca

no, it accelerates relaxation as well

230

55
Q

what holds down the heart rate to 70-80 bpm

___ background firing rate of the vagus nerve

this happens during ____, ___ body temp, and _____ training

A

vagal tone

steady

sleep, low, endurance

56
Q

what is a slow heart rate called

what is the threshold for this

A

bradycardia

60 bpm

57
Q

the _____ vagus nerves have cholinergic inhibitory effects on AV and SA nodes via _____

it binds to ____ receptors and opens __ channels

as ___ leads nodal cells, they become ____ and fire less frequently, decreasing heart rate

A

parasympathetic, ACh

muscarinic, K

K, hyper polarized

58
Q

in relation to the brain and body affecting heart rate and the diverse nature of medulla inputs:

sensory or emotional stimuli affect it via ____ brain centers

in muscles, joints, arteries, and the brain stem (like in the case of exercise), _____ detect changes so HR can increase before ____ demands on muscle arise

A

higher

propioreceptors
metabolic

59
Q

baroreceptors:

___ ___ sensors

if BP decreases, signal rate drops and cardiac center ____ HR

vice versa^

A

blood pressure

increases

60
Q

chemoreceptors:

sense blood ___, and ___ / ___ levels

high CO2 (______) leads to ___ and increases HR

low O2 (______) decreases HR

A

pH, CO2, O2

hypercapnia

hypoxemia

61
Q
A

anatomy exam 1 (6 decks)

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