Electrical circuit

Question 1

Kirchhoff’s 2nd Law

Answer 1

• The sum of emf is equal to the sum of potential difference in a closed loop
• Conservation of energy

Question 2

Internal resistance

Answer 2

• The source of emf has some internal resistance
• Not all of the energy transferred to the charge carriers is available to the circuit, as some is transferred to the internal resistance of the cell
• The ‘lost volts’ = pd in the internal resistor