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Organic and biological > Elliot's U1 > Flashcards

Elliot's U1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many bonds can C form

A

4

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2
Q

How many bonds can H form

A

1

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3
Q

How many bonds can O form

A

2

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4
Q

How many bonds can N form

A

3

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5
Q

If an O atom has 3 bonds what charge will it have

A

a positive charge

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6
Q

describe an aromatic compound

A

3 double bonds in a 6 membered ring

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7
Q

describe the structure of benzene

A

all C-C bonds are the same length, 3 double bonds

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8
Q

list single, double and triple bonds in terms of bond length

A

Shortest - Triple, Double, Single - Longest

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9
Q

what does a wedged bond show

A

the atom coming out of the page

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10
Q

what does a dashed bond show

A

an atom going into the page

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11
Q

give an example of a primary alkyl group

A

Ethyl

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12
Q

give an example of a secondary alkyl group

A

Isopropyl

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13
Q

give an example of a tertiary alkyl group

A

tert-Butyl

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14
Q

what do alkynes have

A

a triple bond

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15
Q

What is the abbreviation for phenyl

A

Ph

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16
Q

what is the phenyl group

A

a benzene ring with 1 H atom removed to allow something else to be attached

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17
Q

describe an ether

A

2 alkyl groups attached to 1 O atom

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18
Q

what is an isomer

A

compounds that have the same molecular formula, but aren’t the same compound

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19
Q

what is a constitutional isomer

A

isomers that have the same molecular formula, but atoms are arranged differently

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20
Q

can DBEs not be a whole number

A

no

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21
Q

which is more electronegative - Carbon or Hydrogen

A

Carbon

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22
Q

is Chlorine more electronegative than Carbon

A

yes

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23
Q

what happens if a bond is made to an element that is less electronegative than carbon

A

it reduces the oxidation state of the carbon by 1 (double bond counts twice as much)

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24
Q

what is bond dissociation energy

A

the energy needed to break a bond

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25
Q

what is the common strength of single bonds in a compound

A

400kJmol-1

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26
Q

is a C-H bond stronger in an alkene or alkane

A

alkene

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27
Q

if bond angles in a compound are tetrahedral, what are the bond angles?

A

109

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28
Q

if bond angles in a compound are linear, what are the bond angles?

A

180

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29
Q

what bonds are present in a single bond

A

1 sigma bond

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30
Q

what bonds are present in a double bond

A

a sigma bond and a pi bond

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31
Q

what bonds are present in a triple bond

A

a sigma bond and 2 pi bonds

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32
Q

how are pi bonds formed

A

by the overlap of p orbitals on 2 adjacent atoms

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33
Q

what is a node

A

a plane in which the probability of finding an electron is 0

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34
Q

describe a sigma bond

A

spherically symmetrical around the axis of the bond

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35
Q

what is the common hybridisation of the Cs in an alkane

A

sp3 hybridisation

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36
Q

what is the common hybridisation of the Cs in an alkene

A

sp2 hybridisation

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37
Q

what is the common hybridisation of the Cs in an alkyne

A

sp hybridisation

38
Q

what is the relationship between hybridisation and sigma bond strengths

A

the more s character a bond has, the stronger the bond is

39
Q

what is electronegativity

A

a measure of how much a particular atom will pull electron density towards itself

40
Q

where in the periodic table are the most electronegative elements

A

the top right

41
Q

where in the periodic table are the most electropositive/least electronegative elements

A

the bottom left

42
Q

if bond angles in a compound are planar, what are the bond angles?

A

120

43
Q

what is torsional strain

A

direct interaction between the electrons in the bonds as they become eclipsed

44
Q

stereoisomer

A

isomers with the same connectivity, but have a different arrangement of atoms in space

45
Q

enantiomer

A

type of stereoisomer that is a mirror image of the original structure whilst having a different arrangement of atoms in space

46
Q

what does non-superimposable mean

A

means the mirror image isnt the same as the original compound

47
Q

diastereoisomer

A

stereoisomer of a compound that isnt a mirror image (non-superimposable non-mirror image)

48
Q

what does chiral mean

A

a compound is chiral if it is not superimposable with its mirror image

49
Q

what is a stereogenic centre

A

a tetrahedral carbon atom (sp3 hybridised) with 4 different substituents attached

50
Q

configurational isomer

A

stereoisomers that can only be interconverted by a process involved in the breaking and forming of bonds

51
Q

epimer

A

a diastereoisomer of a compound in which all stereogenic centres but 1 are the same

52
Q

what must enantiomers be

A

they must be chiral

53
Q

how can you check if 2 structures with 1 stereogenic centre are mirror images

A

swap 2 of the substituents, and you’d make the mirror image of the structure

54
Q

what is the most common way for a compound to be a diastereoisomer

A

if it has 2 or more stereogenic centres

55
Q

how many carbons does a cyclohexane have

A

6

56
Q

what does axial mean in terms of cyclohexanes

A

either straight up or straight down in a chair orientation

57
Q

what does equatorial mean in terms of cyclohexanes

A

if the substituent is pointing to the left or right of a C atom in a chair orientation

58
Q

what happens if you flip a chair orientation

A

every H atom that was equatorial is now axial, every H atom that was axial is now equatorial

59
Q

when adding substituents to a chair orientation where the axial H atoms are quite close together, where prefferrably should you add them

A

equatorial position

60
Q

what does cis mean in terms of cyclohexanes

A

2 substituents on the same side

61
Q

what does trans mean in terms of cyclohexanes

A

2 substituents on opposite sides

62
Q

how would you determine the most stable chair conformation of a cyclohexane

A

draw both conformers, identify which has either the largest substituent equatioral or the most substituents equatiorial

63
Q

what is a cyclohexane boat

A

when you flip one side of a cyclohexane chair

64
Q

how stable is a cyclohexane boat and why

A

it’s less stable than the chair structure because there’s a significant level of eclipsing of bonds and an unfavourable flagpole interaction

65
Q

what is the preffered conformer of a cyclopentane

A

envelope

66
Q

what is a decalins compound

A

a compound with 2 cyclohexane rings fused together

67
Q

why can you invert a cis-decalin but not a trans-decalin

A

if done to the trans-decalin, both substituents that make up the RH ring will have to become axial (which cant happen with a 6 membered ring)

68
Q

if a-b-c-d is clockwise around a stereogenic centre, what can it be labelled as

A

R

69
Q

if a-b-c-d is anticlockwise around a stereogenic centre, what can it be labelled as

A

S

70
Q

if substituents NH2, H, CH3, HOH2C are around a stereogenic centre, how will you assign priorities

A

N = highest, C = in between, H = lowest. C attached to an O takes priority over a C attached to an H

71
Q

what is a carbocation/carbonium ion

A

species containing a pos charged C atom with 3 bonds (R3C+)

72
Q

describe the electronic structure of a carbocation

A

an sp2 hybridised C atom, with the pos charge localised in a p orbital (empty p orital) - therefore planar

73
Q

list the trend for carbocations with methyl substituents from most stable to least stable

A

tertiary > secondary > primary > methyl

74
Q

what must the methyl groups do to stabilise the positive charge of a carbocation

A

must be electron donating, must be able to release electron-density towards the positive charge

75
Q

what is the main factor affecting carbocation stability

A

the number of alkyl groups attached to a carbocation carbon atom

76
Q

what are carbocations stabilised by and destabilised by

A

stabilised by electron donating groups and destabilised by electron-withdrawing groups

77
Q

which are more stable - planar carbocations or tetrahedral carbocations

A

planar more stable than tetrahedral carbocations

78
Q

carbanion

A

species containing a C atom bearing a neg charge

79
Q

trend of stability of cabanions (least to most)

A

tertiary < secondary < primary < methyl

80
Q

what shape are simple carbanions

A

tetrahedral

81
Q

a more substituted carbanion is more or less stable

A

less stable - increasing substitution increases steric strain

82
Q

in terms of Ka, if [HA] is more acidic, how does this affect the Ka

A

Ka will be larger

83
Q

equation for pKa

A

pKa = -log10Ka

84
Q

Enol

A

an alcohol on an alkene

85
Q

what is the relationship between pKa and stability of the corresponding carbanion

A

the lower the pKa the more stable carbanion

86
Q

if you’re trying to fully deprotonate a compound (carbanion), the base used needs to what

A

the base needs a pKa higher than the H we’re trying to remove

87
Q

what is an organometallic species

A

something with a metal-carbon bond

88
Q

structure of methyl

A

CH3-

89
Q

structure of ethyl

A

CH3CH2-

90
Q

structure of propyl

A

CH3CH2CH2 -

91
Q

structure of isopropyl

A

(CH3)2CH-

92
Q

structure of butyl

A

CH3CH2CH2CH2 -

Organic and biological (4 decks)

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