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CVS anatomy > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

How doe the heart tube form?

A

Two heart tubes form from BLOOD ISLANDS
These come together to form the primitive heart tube

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2
Q

Why does the heart have to loop?

A

It invaginates itself in the pericardium but is too long so must fold in order too fit

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3
Q

When does the CVS start to form?

A

Week 3

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4
Q

Why is the CVS one of the first system to form in the embryo?

A

The rapidly growing embryo needs nutrients and cannot get enough via diffusion to satisfy the growing embryo

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5
Q

What happens in week 3?

A

Blood islands appear in the yolk sac

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6
Q

What is the cardiogenic field?

A

Blood islands, allantois connecting stalk and chorion

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7
Q

What forms the somatic mesoderm?

A

Serous pericardium and fibrous pericardium

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8
Q

What forms the splanchnic mesoderm?

A

Serous pericardium

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9
Q

What does the pericardial cavity form from?

A

The intra-embryonic coelom

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10
Q

Label the primitive heart tube from top to bottom?

A

Truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
Primitive ventricle
Primitive atrium
Sinus venosus

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11
Q

What are the a) arteria and b) venous ends called?

A

a) cranial
b) caudal

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12
Q

What is the looping of the heart called?

A

Bulboventricular loop

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13
Q

What happens to the bulbus cordis and ventricles in bulboventricular looping?

A

Enlarge and move left and inferiorly

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14
Q

What happens to the atria during looping?

A

Atria pushed superiorly and posteriorly

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15
Q

What is a condition of abnormal looping and explain?

A

Dextrocardia
- when heart loops to the left instead of the right
- leads to heart and other organs being on the opposite side of the body to normal

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16
Q

What does the aortic sac go on to form?

A

Aortic arches

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17
Q

What does the bulbus cordis go on to form? (2)

A

Right ventricle
Parts of the outflow tracts

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18
Q

What does the primitive ventricle go on to form? (1)

A

Left ventricle

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19
Q

What does the primitive atrium go on to form? (2)

A

Parts of the left and right atria

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20
Q

What does the sinus venosus go on to form? (2)

A

Superior vena cava
Right atrium

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21
Q

What forms the beginnings of the atrioventricular septum?

A

Endocardial cushion growth

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22
Q

What septum forms first in atrial septal formation?

A

Septum primum

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23
Q

What septum forms second in atrial septal formation and how?

A

Septum secundum
- Forms by apoptosis of part of the septum primum

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24
Q

What is the gap between septum primum and endocardial cushion called?

A

Ostium primum

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25
Q

What is the ostium secundum?

A

Gap between septum primum and secundum

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26
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

A one way shunt that allows blood to pass from right to left atrium and bypass the non-functional lungs

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27
Q

How does the foramen ovale close and what does it form?

A

Closes after birth with first breath due to increased LA pressure
- the septum primum fuses with septum secundum

Forms the fossa ovalis

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28
Q

What does non-closure of the foramen ovale result in?

A

Patent foramen ovale
- a common atrial septal defect (ASD)

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29
Q

How does the intraventricular septum develop?

A
  1. Muscular septum forms
  2. Aorticopulmonary septum divides bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus into aorta and pulmonary trunk
  3. Membranous septum forms
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30
Q

What does the formation of the muscular ventricular septum lead to?

A

Interventricular foramen

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31
Q

How is the membranous interventricular septum formed?

A

Bottom of spiral aorticopulmonary septum fuses with muscular ventricular septum and endocardial cushions
This closes the interventricular foramen

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32
Q

What is the most common type of ventricular septal defect?

A

Membranous ventricular septal defect

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33
Q

When does partitioning of the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus occur?

A

Week 5

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34
Q

How are bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus partitioned?

A

Aorticopulmonary septum divides BC and TA into aorta and pulmonary trunk
The spiral septum develops
- aorta and pulmonary trunk twist around each other

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35
Q

What is transposition of the great vessels?

A

Where the aorticopulmonary septum doesn’t spiral and so vessels are in different positions

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36
Q

What is transposition of the great vessels associated with?

A

Cyanotic disease in newborn infants
ASD
VSD

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37
Q

What are the causes of transposition of the great vessels? (2)

A
  • Failure of aorticopulmonary septum to take spiral course
  • Defective migration of neural crest cells to heart
38
Q

What 4 things go wrong in transposition of the great vessels?

A

Transposition of vessels
ASD
VSD
???

39
Q

Where do the atrioventricular valves develop from and what develops?

A

Ventricular wall
- Cusps
- Chordae tendineae
- Papillary muscles

40
Q

What forms the semilunar valves?

A

Subendocardial valve tissue

41
Q

What are the early pacemakers in the primitive atrium and sinus venosus called?

A

Cardiomyocytes

42
Q

When does the SA node develope?

A

Week 5

43
Q

Where is the SA node located in adults?

A

High in the right atrium near the entrance of the SVC

44
Q

What does the AV node and bundle of His develop from?

A

Cells of AV canal and sinus venosus

45
Q

What causes cot death or sudden infant death syndrome?

A

Abnormalities in conducting tissue

46
Q

What are the first arteries to appear in the embryo?

A

Right and left primitive aortae

47
Q

What are the 2 parts of the primitive aortae?

A

Ventral
Dorsal

48
Q

How is the dorsal sac formed?

A

By fusion of 2 ventral aortae
They then become an extension of the truncus arteriosus

49
Q

Where do aortic branches arise from?

A

Aortic sac

50
Q

When do aortic arches form?

A

Weeks 4 and 5

51
Q

How many pairs of aortic arches are there?

A

6 pairs

52
Q

What do the aortic arches unite with?

A

Arch from ventral aorta and unite with dorsal aorta

53
Q

What doe the aortic arches give rise to?

A

Great arteries of the head and neck

54
Q

How can blood vessels develop (2 methods)?

A

Vasculogenesis
Angiogenesis

55
Q

What is vasculogenesis?

A

New formation of a primitive vascular network

56
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Growth of new vessels from pre-existing blood vessels

57
Q

What happens to 1st and 2nd aortic arches?

A

Disappear completely

58
Q

What aortic arch forms to common carotid?

A

3rd

59
Q

What aortic arch forms the right subclavian artery?

A

4th right

60
Q

What aortic arch forms the aortic arch?

A

4th left

61
Q

What happens to the 5th aortic arch?

A

Disappears

62
Q

What happens to the 6th right arch?

A

Forms the right pulmonary artery

63
Q

What does the 6th left arch form?

A

Left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus

64
Q

What do most defects of the great arteries arise from? (2)

A
  • Persistence of aortic arches that normally regress
  • Regression of of aortic arches that normally should persist
65
Q

What happens when the right aortic arch persist?

A

A double aortic arch is formed

66
Q

What consequences does a double aortic arch have?

A

Difficulty swallowing and breathing as it squashed the trachea and oesophagus

67
Q

What is caused when the ductus arteriosus is not closed off after birth?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

68
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus become after birth?

A

Ligamentous arteriosum

69
Q

What can cause patent ductus arteriosus? (meternal)

A

Maternal rubella or German measles infection in early pregnancy

70
Q

What can patent ductus arteriosus be associated with in the foetus? (3)

A

ASD
VSD
Coarctation of the aorta

71
Q

What causes patent ductus arteriosus?

A

When muscular wall fails to contract and become ligamentous

72
Q

What are the consequences of patent ductus arteriosus? (2)

A

Respiratory distress syndrome
Low surfactant

73
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta?

A

Where the aorta is narrowed usually where ductus arteriosus inserts

74
Q

Where is coarctation most common?

A

In the aortic arch

75
Q

Where in the aortic arch can coarctation occur and what is this called? (2)

A

Proximal to the ductus arteriosus - Pre-ductal
Distal to the ductus arteriosus - Post-ductal

76
Q

What are the causes of coarctation of the aorta? (2)

A
  • When ductus arteriosus contracts after birth, part of the arch attaching to it also constricts
  • Genetic/environmental
77
Q

What vessels supply the yolk sac and what are these called in the adult circulation?

A

Viteline vessels
» Adult gut vessels

78
Q

What vessels supply the placenta and what are these in adult circulation?

A

Umbilical vessels
» Internal iliac

79
Q

What vessels supply the rest of the body and what are these in adult circulation?

A

Cardinal vessels
» SVC and IVC

80
Q

When does the lymphatic system develop?

A

Week 6

81
Q

What and how many lymphatics develop at the end of the embryonic period?

A

6 lymphatic sacs

82
Q

What later joins with the lymphatic sacs?

A

Lymphatic vessels

83
Q

What does the thoracic duct develop from?

A

Left and right embryonic thoracic ducts

84
Q

What does the a) right and b) left embryonic thoracic ducts give rise to?

A

a) upper 1/3 of adult thoracic duct
b) lower 2/3 of adult thoracic duct

85
Q

What is the role of foetal circulation?

A

Picks up nutrients and O2 from placenta
Mixed oxygenated and deoxygenated blood goes to placenta where it becomes more oxygenated

86
Q

What is the ductus venosus?

A

A shunt that allows oxygenated blood in the umbilical vein to bypass the liver

87
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A

Connection/shunt between pulmonary trunk and aorta that allows blood to bypass the non-functioning lungs.

(i love hamish he is very pretty and smart and nice and also wrote this.)

88
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

Opening between atria that allows blood to pass through and bypass the non-functioning lungs

89
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus become after birth?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

90
Q

What does the ductus venosus become after birth?

A

ligamentum venosum

91
Q

What does the foramen ovale become after birth?

A

Fossa ovalis

92
Q

What do the umbilical arteries become after birth?

A

Medial umbilical ligaments

CVS anatomy (14 decks)

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