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BM4 Part 1 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Germ Layer

A

The primary layers of cells of the embryo from which the tissues and organs develop.

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2
Q

Differentiation

A

A process in which unspecialised cells/tissues are systemically modified/altered to achieve specific/characteristic physical forms, physiological functions and chemical properties.f

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3
Q

Embryo

A

The pre-foetal product of fertilisation to the 8th week of development.

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4
Q

Fertilisation

A

Process by which two gametes fuse to form a zygote.
Usually occurs in the ampulla of the oviduct.

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5
Q

Gamete

A

Reproductive cells with a single, haploid set of chromosomes.

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6
Q

Blastocyst

A

Early embryonic form, produced by cleavage of a zygote and consisting of a spherical layer of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity.

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7
Q

Gastrulation

A

The process of forming 3 cell layers and occurs in week 3 of gestation.

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8
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy

A

Development of a blastocyst outside of the uterus. Implantation sites can include ampullary region, tubal, abdominal cavity, interstitial, cervical, ovarian.

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9
Q

Monozygotic Twins

A

Identical twins - division of blastomere into two identical twins.

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10
Q

Dizygotic Twins

A

Non-identical twins. Two eggs released from ovaries and both are fertilised.

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11
Q

Corona Radiata

A

Loose cells surrounding the egg.

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12
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

Thick transparent membrane surrounding a mammalian ovum.

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13
Q

Acrosome

A

Enzyme within the head of the sperm that digests the zona pellucida in order to allow sperm DNA into the egg.

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14
Q

What are the two poles of a blastocyte?

A

Embryoblast (will develop into the embryo). Trophoblast (will develop into the placenta).

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15
Q

What are the two layers of the bilaminar disc?

A

Epiblast and hypoblast.

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16
Q

What are the two cavities formed from the embryoblast?

A

Amniotic and exocoelom (yolk sac).

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17
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.

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18
Q

What tissues are part of the ectoderm?

A

Skin and nervous tissue.

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19
Q

What tissues are part of the mesoderm?

A

Musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and urinary systems.

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20
Q

What tissues are part of the endoderm?

A

Internal organs, gastrointestinal and respiratory tract.

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21
Q

Neurulation

A

Formation of the neural tube (brain and spinal cord).

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22
Q

Where does the mesoderm form in the trilaminar disc?

A

Between the ectoderm and endoderm cell layers.

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23
Q

What are the germ layer origins of the respiratory system?

A

Mesoderm and endoderm

24
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm form?

A

Splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm
Somatic (parietal) mesoderm

25
Q

What does the somatic mesoderm give rise to?

A

Parietal pleura

26
Q

What does the splanchnic mesoderm give rise to?

A

Connective tissue (including cartilage), musculature and vasculature of the respiratory system and the visceral pleura

27
Q

What is a fistula?

A

An abnormal connection between two body parts

28
Q

Where does the respiratory diverticulum form?

A

Outgrowth of the ventral wall of the foregut in the fourth week.

29
Q

What forms from the respiratory diverticulum?

A

Epithelium of the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.

30
Q

What is the purpose of lateral folding (respiratory)?

A

Encloses the body
Formation of the primitive heart tube and gut tube

31
Q

What is the purpose of craniocaudal folding (respiratory)?

A

Repositions the septum transversum

32
Q

What forms from the septum transversum?

A

Diaphragm

33
Q

During which weeks does continued branching and formation of the bronchial tree occur?

A

Weeks 5-16

34
Q

When does alveolar surfactant first appear?

A

Week 24

35
Q

Terminal sac period

A

Week 26 - birth

36
Q

What occurs during the terminal sac period?

A

Terminal sacs form
Capillaries invade walls of the terminal sacs
Expansion of future air spaces
Maturation and differentiation of cuboidal epithelium into type I and II alveolar cells

37
Q

Alveolarisation stage

A

Week 36 - early childhood

38
Q

What occurs during the alveolarisation stage?

A

Secondary septa form to separate terminal sacs into alveoli
Each septum has a capillary network

39
Q

Canalicular period

A

Week 16 - 26

40
Q

What occurs during the canalicular period?

A

Respiratory bronchioles form from terminal
Alveolar ducts form from respiratory bronchioles
Angiogenesis of mesenchyme surrounding each acinus to form capillary network
First appearance of surfactant

41
Q

At what point is adequate surfactant produced?

A

Week 32

42
Q

Meconium

A

Neonate’s first stool

43
Q

Hirschsprung Disease

A

Congenital GI defect thought to be caused by reduced nerve signals to the gut, limiting peristalsis

44
Q

Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)

A

Urine flows from the bladder to the kidneys and often presents with recurrent UTIs.

45
Q

What is the first functional organ to develop in the embryo?

A

The heart

46
Q

From which germ layer is the heart derived?

A

The mesoderm

47
Q

At which week of gestation does the heart develop?

A

Week 3

48
Q

Anencephaly

A

Birth defect in which a baby is born without parts of the brain and skull due to incomplete closure of the neural tube at the cranial end

49
Q

Spina bifida

A

Birth defect resulting in incomplete closure of the caudal end of the neural tube.

50
Q

Acrania

A

Birth defect in which a baby is born without parts of the skull (can be partial or complete absence)

51
Q

What is the most common congenital heart defect seen?

A

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

52
Q

When does CVS development begin?

A

Halfway through week 3

53
Q

Primitive heartbeat

A

Week 4

54
Q

Primitive Streak

A

A transient structure whose formation (on day 15) marks the start of gastrulation.
Originates from the anterior epiblast and appears as an elongating groove on the dorsal midsagittal surface of the epiblast, along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo.

55
Q

Division and Multiplication

A

Process of equal separation and process of identical duplication

56
Q

Embryological Chemotaxis

A

Chemical attraction of cells, in this case leading to movement due to stimulation by morphogens and actin-myosin contraction
Morphogens released in a concentration gradient

57
Q

At what week does the primitive heart begin to produce a regular heartbeat?

A

Week 4

BM4 Part 1 (11 decks)

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